In the present study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) synthesized through sol–gel process and calcined at 600 °C were further surface functionalized by a copolymer chain of L-ascorbic acid (AS) and polyaniline (PAni) by in situ free radical oxidative polymerization reaction. The surface modification of MSNs by AS-g-PAni was confirmed by using various analytical techniques, namely FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX, TEM and AFM. The composition of AS-g-PAni@MS was found to be composed of C (52.53%), N (20.30%), O (25.69%) and Si (1.49%), with 26.42 nm as the particle size. Further, it was applied for the adsorption of crystal violet (CV) dye under batch, as well as fixed bed method. RSM–BBD was taken into consideration, to optimize the various operational parameters effecting the adsorption through batch method. To explore maximum efficiency of the material, it was further subjected to adsorption of CV under fixed bed method, using the variable bed heights of 3.7, 5.4 and 8.1 cm. Based on high value of regression coefficient (R2) and low value of RMSE given as (0.99, 0.02) for 3.7 cm, (0.99, 0.03), the breakthrough data were very well defined by the Thomas model, with optimum concurrence of stoichiometric adsorption capacity values. The external mass transfer equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir model, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 88.42 mg g−1 at 303 K, 92.51 mg g−1 at 313 K, 107.41 mg g−1 at 313 K and 113.25 mg g−1 at 333 K. The uptake of CV by AS-g-PAni@MS was well defined by pseudo second order model with rate constant K2 = 0.003 L mg–1 min–1 for 50 and 0.003 L mg–1 min–1 for 60 mg L–1 CV. The adsorption reaction was endothermic with enthalpy (ΔH) value of 3.62 KJ mol−1 and highly efficient for treatment of CV-contaminated water for more the five consecutive cycles.
Statistics show that more than 700 thousand tons of dye are produced annually across the globe. Around 10–20% of this is used in industrial processes such as printing and dyeing, while about 50% of the dye produced is discharged into the environment without proper physicochemical treatment. Even trace amounts of dye in water can reduce oxygen solubility and have carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Therefore, before dye-containing wastewater is discharged into the environment, it must be properly treated. The present study investigates the green synthesis of nickel ferrite NiFe2O4 (NIFE) spinel magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) via chemical coprecipitation of a solution of Ni2+/Fe3+ in the presence of a biopolymer blend of chitosan (CT) and ascorbic acid (AS). The magnetic nanomaterial was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The material was further explored as a catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) under visible light irradiation coupled with ultrasonic waves. The combination of 90 min of visible solar light irradiation with 6.35 W·mL−1 ultrasonic power at pH 8 resulted in 99% of the photocatalytic efficiency of chitosan-ascorbic acid@NIFE (CTAS@NIFE) catalyst for 70 mg·L−1 MG. The quenching of the photocatalytic efficiency from 98% to 64% in the presence of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) suggested the involvement of hydroxy (•OH) radicals in the mineralization process of MG. The high regression coefficients (R2) of 0.99 for 35, 55, and 70 mg·L−1 MG indicated the sonophotocatalysis of MG by CTAS@NIFE was best defined by a pseudo first-order kinetic model. The mechanism involves the adsorption of MG on the catalyst surface in the first step and thereby mineralization of the MG by the generated hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under the influence of visible radiation coupled with 6.34 W·mL−1 ultrasonic power. In the present study the application of photodegradation process with sonochemistry results in 99% of MG mineralization without effecting the material structure unlike happens in the case adsorption process. So, the secondary pollution (generally happens in case of adsorption) can be avoided by reusing the spent material for another application instead of disposing it. Thus, the ecofriendly synthesis protocol, ease in design of experimentation like use of solar irradiation instead of electric power lamps, reusability and high efficiency of the material suggested the study to be potentially economical for industrial development at pilot scale towards wastewater remediation.
We report the facile hydrothermal synthesis of polyaniline (PANI)-modified molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets to fabricate a novel organic–inorganic hybrid material. The prepared 3D nanomaterial was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. The results indicate the successful synthesis of PANI–MoS2 hybrid material. The PANI–MoS2 was used to study the extraction and preconcentration of trace mercury ions. The experimental conditions were optimized systematically, and the data shows a good Hg(II) adsorption capacity of 240.0 mg g−1 of material. The adsorption of Hg(II) on PANI–MoS2 hybrid material may be attributed to the selective complexation between the–S ion of PANI–MoS2 with Hg(II). The proposed method shows a high preconcentration limit of 0.31 µg L−1 with a preconcentration factor of 640. The lowest trace Hg(II) concentration, which was quantitatively analyzed by the proposed method, was 0.03 µg L−1. The standard reference material was analyzed to determine the concentration of Hg(II) to validate the proposed methodology. Good agreement between the certified and observed values indicates the applicability of the developed method for Hg(II) analysis in real samples. The study suggests that the PANI–MoS2 hybrid material can be used for trace Hg(II) analyses for environmental water monitoring.
Copper compounds are promising candidates for next-generation metal anticancer drugs.
In this article, we have designed the new ruthenium(II) p‐cymene complexes [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene) HLThz,Me Cl] 1 and [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene) HLThz Cl] 2 with two auxiliary ligand (E)‐1‐(((5‐methylthiazol‐2‐yl)imino)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ol (HLThz,Me) and (E)‐1‐((thiazol‐2‐ylimino)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ol (HLThz), keeping in mind the vehicle HSA. The spectroscopic techniques, namely, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 13C NMR, and elemental analysis were employed for the characterization. The single X‐ray crystallography ascertains the molecular structure of the representative complex [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene) HLThz,Me Cl] 1. Furthermore, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed for geometry optimization and frontier molecular orbitals analysis. Moreover, in silico studies were carried out to understand the binding site and the mode of interaction of the complexes with human serum albumin (HSA). The in vitro interaction of the HSA measured extrinsic fluorescence at various temperatures, namely, 298, 303, and 308 K, whereas the intrinsic fluorescence extent was evaluated in the presence of 8‐anilinonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonic acid (ANS). The cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated against HeLa, MCF7, HepG2, A549, and A2780 cancer cells and compared with HEK293 non‐tumorigenic cells (cisplatin and RAPTA‐C as control). The complex 1 showed significantly good cytotoxicity in the range of IC50 value <10 μM against A2780 (ovarian cancer) and HepG2 (liver) cells and lower toxicity up to >100 μM. These findings give illustrative insight into the binding propensity of complexes 1 and 2 with HSA (model protein). Further, they can be explored for en route drug delivery to a specific site as anticancer metallodrugs.
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