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IntroductionBisphosphonates are widely used in metastatic cancer such as prostate and breast cancer, and their nephrotoxic effects have been established previously. In this study we aimed to evaluate both the nephrotoxic effects of zoledronic acid (ZA) and the protective effects of vitamin E (Vit-E) on this process under light and electron microscopy.Material and methodsA total of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups. The first group constituted the control group. The second group was given i.v. ZA of 3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks for 12 weeks from the tail vein. The third group received the same dosage of ZA with an additional i.m. injection of 15 mg Vit-E every week for 12 weeks. Tissues were taken 4 days after the last dose of ZA for histopathological and ultrastructural evaluation. Paller score, tubular epithelial thickness and basal membrane thickness were calculated for each group.ResultsFor group 2, the p-values are all < 0.001 for Paller score, epitelial thickness, and basal membrane thickness. For group 3 (ZA + Vit. E), the p-values are < 0.001 for Paller score, 0.996 for epitelial thickness, and < 0.001 basal membrane thickness. Significant differences were also observed in ultrastructural changes for group 2. However, adding Vit-E to ZA administration reversed all the histopathological changes to some degree, with statistical significance.ConclusionsAdministration of ZA had nephrotoxic effects on rat kidney observed under both light and electron microscopy. Concomitant administration of Vit-E significantly reduces toxic histopathological effects of ZA.

Background Endoscopic operations and ureteroscopy have become the first choice for ureteral calculi and ureter-related operations. The ratios of the complications, which are mostly iatrogenic, range between 9 and 11%. Total ureteral avulsion during URS is quite rare with a prevalence of 0–0.3%. We present three total ureteral avulsions we experienced in our clinic during the last 2 years and their treatment. Case presentation During the last 2 years, we experienced three total ureteral avulsions: one of these occurred in our clinic and the other two occurred in an external center and were referred to us. In two cases, the omental flap was rotated after ureteral reimplantation and the ureter was completely wrapped inside the omental flap. In the third case, boari flap was formed from the bladder. Due to the presence of extrarenal wide renal pelvis, anastomosis was made with boari flap after a y–v flap was rotated on the renal pelvis. D-J stents of the patients were removed at the end of 3 months. Although there was mild hydronephrosis, parenchymal thinning and a significant decrease in functions were not observed. Ureteral avulsion of the patients was successfully managed without the need for nephrectomy. Conclusion Ureteral avulsion management is an extremely difficult condition for both the surgeon and the patient. So, the most important thing is to prevent ureteral avulsion. Ureteroplasty and omental flap treatment are applicable methods with quite successful results for complete ureteral avulsions.

Background: Urethral coitus leading to megalourethra in physiologically and anatomically normal women is a very rare phenomenon. Case: A 24-year-old woman, married for 5 years and having a 4-year-old child, presented with urinary incontinence to the urology clinic. She experienced urinary incontinence during sexual intercourse despite urinating beforehand. She also had spontaneous urinary incontinence during the day, for which she used *1-2 pads daily. At her urogynecologic examination, no pathology was found in the vagina or cervix. The urethral meatus was noted to be as wide as the vaginal orifice. Results: She was treated successfully by a modified surgical technique based on the Martius technique. Conclusions: This modified surgical technique may be applied successfully in the treatment of megalourethra caused by urethral coitus. ( J GYNECOL SURG 28:50)

In this study, a controlled fuzzy expert system (FES) was designed to provide the conditions necessary for operating rooms. For this purpose, real operating rooms have been studied to see if there are more useful, reliable and comfortable ones. How a operating room can be controlled with FES and its advantages and disadvantages have also been researched. For a theoretically visible FES to show system's advantage a prototype operating room was built and a suitable configuration was designed. In this system, heat, particle, humidity and oxygen are used as input parameters, and fresh air entrance and the fan circulation are chosen as output parameters. With the help of an expert, appropriate language expressions and the membership function of these expressions were defined. The sensors were classified and sensor information was transferred to computer by means of an interface designed. To transfer the data to the system simultaneously, an interface was written in C#. Whether it provides the most suitable control for the system prototype was determined by simulating the operation with varying number of personnel and duration of time. In these trials, input, output and the other necessary parameters were saved in the computer.Consequently, in this study we obtained very good results in prototype operating room control with FES. The results of analyses carried out indicated that the controls performed with FES provide more economical, comfortable, reliable and consistent controls and that they are feasible in real operating rooms.