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The timing of prescriptions in early pregnancy frequently coincides with the increased levels of maternal progesterone in implantation period. Progesterone may lead to negative mood symptoms of an increased pain perception, anxiety, irritability and aggression in some of the pregnant women and therefore causes an increased stress condition which in turn may result in pain, infection and inflammation in the individual. Taking the frequently used medications into consideration, the reason for prescriptions in this period might be related to the symptoms originating from the effects of progesterone. Future studies are needed to better demonstrate this association of drug exposure and effects of maternal progesterone in early pregnancy.

SummaryAimThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pioglitazone and losartan pre-treatment on the aortic contractile response to the alpha-1 agonist, phenylephrine, and the alpha-2 agonist, clonidine, in L-NAME-induced hypertensive, STZ-induced diabetic, and hypertensive diabetic rats.MethodsMale Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four groups: control, diabetic (DM), hypertensive (HT) and hypertensive diabetic (HT + DM) groups. Three weeks after drug application, in vitro dose–response curves to phenylephrine (Phe) (10-9–10-5 M) and clonidine (Clo) (10-9–10-5 M) were recorded in aortic rings in the absence (control) and presence of pioglitazone (10 μM) and/or losartan (10 μM).ResultsPioglitazone and losartan caused a shift to the right in contractile response to phenylephrine in all groups. The sensitivity of the aortic rings to phenylephrine was decreased in the presence of pioglitazone and/or losartan in all groups. The contractile response of clonidine decreased in the presence of pioglitazone and/or losartan in the control, HT and DM groups.ConclusionThe sensitivity of aortic rings to alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors was decreased in the presence of pioglitazone and/or losartan in diabetic and hypertensive rats. Concomitant use of PPAR-gamma agonists, thiazolidinediones, and angiotensin receptor blockers may be effective treatment for diabetes and hypertension.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to investigate the early histopathologic effects of Burow's and Castellani's solutions on the middle ear mucosa of rats. MATERIALS and METHODS:The study was conducted with 26 Wistar albino female rats. Gelfoam that was soaked in 4% Burow's solution was inserted into the middle ears of the rats in the Burow group (n=10); over 2 weeks, 0.1 mL Burow's solution was administered once a day through perforation into the middle ear. The same procedure was applied to the rats in the Castellani group (n=10) using classical Castellani's solution and to the rats in the control group (n=6) using physiological saline solution. At day 1 after the last administration, all groups were decapitated; their bullas were dissected. The bullas were histopathologically evaluated and graded with respect to increase in leukocytes with polymorphic nuclei, mononuclear cell infiltration, and fibrosis. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. RESULTS:In the Burow group, the fibrosis scores were significantly higher than those in the control group (p=0.039), the scores of leukocytes with polymorphic nuclei were significantly higher than those in the control group (p=0.034), and the total scores were significantly higher than those in the control group (p=0.022). CONCLUSION:We suggest Castellani's solution as a safe alternative in the treatment of otomycosis and external otitis in the presence of tympanic membrane perforation. However, because of the inflammatory changes it causes in the middle ear mucosa, we do not recommend the use of Burow's solution in the presence of tympanic membrane perforation.