Bosnia and Herzegovina has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing quarantine and other social distancing measures. These measures, however, have mental, social, and economic consequences on diet and food behaviors. The Bosnian case is particularly pertinent since the country has one of the highest global mortality rates relative to its population. In addition, its health system is fragmented and under-resourced. Consequently, in this study, we analyze the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Bosnians’ behaviors relating to food. It is based on an online survey performed during October–November 2020 with 3133 adult respondents. The statistical analysis encompassed descriptive statistics (means, percentages, and frequencies), as well as cluster analysis. The results reveal that the pandemic transformed consumers’ shopping behaviors and food sourcing, reducing shopping frequency and increasing food bought on each trip. Furthermore, there was an increase in the consumption of local food items due to food safety concerns. Additionally, the pandemic improved the awareness of Bosnians towards food with a decrease in food waste. Regarding diets, Bosnians tried to have healthier diets during the pandemic. Therefore, COVID-19 might have opened a ‘window of opportunity’ to promote the shift towards more sustainable food consumption and lifestyles.
E-commerce is growing faster than traditional forms of commerce. The expansion of the internet, mobile networks and the use of smartphones have increasingly driven consumers to online shopping. The convenience of buying from home and possibilities to compare products are key benefits for consumers. Changes in consumer behavior have implications for traders and their business models. They are switching the entire business to e-commerce. The relatively lower costs of doing business and promotional activities are key reasons for such business transitions. For traditional traders (Brick and mortar), the greater challenge is that big players in this sector become those who do not have physical stores. The implementation and expansion of e-commerce are of varying intensity in the economies of the world. E-commerce can significantly increase competitiveness and strengthen the position of BiH companies in a wider market. This paper deals with the current and future trends of e-commerce in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper forecasts e-commerce trends for the period from 2019 to 2021. Based on available data for the period from 2015 to 2018, by the trend extrapolation method, the forecast for the next three years is given. A trend represents the movement of a process or occurrence that prevails over some time. The business activity under code 47.91 was analyzed, that is, retail trade via mail or internet. Business activity under code 47.91 is compared with the same at global and Europian level. Besides, basic business performance was analyzed both at the level of activity 47.91 and at the level of five domestic e-commerce companies (Pik d.o.o., E-kupi d.o.o., Kupi tehniku d.o.o., Fact cool d.o.o. i Dopi grupa d.o.o.). The following indicators were used in the analysis of business performance: sales revenue, net profit, number of employees and return on total assets. The paper aims to identify the growth rates of e-commerce in the period 2015-2018 in this market, to determine what this trend is relative to the trend of e-commerce development in the world and the region. Further, the aim is to extrapolate the trends of the analyzed indicators to predict the growth of e-commerce in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the next three years.Based on an extrapolation of trends in sales revenue, net income, and headcount, it was concluded that the growth rate of e-commerce in BiH will be significantly lower compared to the global level, but should also be higher than the growth at the level of European Union. Research has shown that e-commerce is very profitable and that an increasing number of companies are joining it.
The issue of management process in all organizations with a pronounced hierarchical structure is extremely complex and equally abstract to both the participants themselves and all those who deal with the study of this topic. The management process involves decision-making based on appropriate economic analysis, experience, practice, micro and macro environment, and the ability of an individual manager to create a symbiosis based on all the knowledge that will ultimately lead to making an appropriate business decision. The aim of this paper is to build a presentation of the model, which in this case will improve the economic community and enrich the everyday work of companies. This will allow the ownership and management structures of a large number of inadequately structured and internally non-institutionalized companies to become active and passive managers of all business relations within the companies in which they operate, instead of active or passive observers. In this paper, a management model will be presented based on the data researched within five variables: quality of human resources, economic incentives, development perspectives, managerial capabilities of subordinates and business satisfaction. One of the aims of this paper is precisely to explore how these variables influence the business satisfaction of Croatian companies. The research was conducted in the territory of the Republic of Croatia, in all regions, on a representative sample, while representatives of the companies were surveyed. The answers obtained were analysed descriptively, through the regression model. It has been proven that the greatest influence on pleasure in business is influenced by managerial capacities, where beta coefficients is 0.367. Slightly less impact on the pleasure of doing business has the development of enterprises and incentives from the budget, while the smallest impact on the pleasure of doing business has human potential. The obtained beta COTA is statistically significant because the p – value < 0.05, in all four cases. The scientific contributions of this paper are reflected in a model that will serve to measure the impact of manager satisfaction on the basis of quantitative parameters and as an example of a universal model of manager satisfaction assessment.
In the world economy, small and medium sized entreprises (SMEs) dominate in the number of overall enterprises (90-99% of all enterprises, depending on the definition used) and in economic contributions (GDP growth, productivity, job creation, innovation, level of competition, etc.) (Lundström i Stevenson, 2001). Because small businesses generate jobs, tax revenue, functional products, charitable donations, technological development, and social contributions to communities, their success and sustainability are important for social and economic development. In addition to the impact on public health, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a major economic shock and the greatest consequences were felt by the small and medium-sized enterprises. Due to the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, countries and their companies are facing major problems of human and business capacities sustainability. Although governments have enacted private sector policies, there are constraints that have direct implications for economic growth potential. In this paper, we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on SMEs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on the impact of the Law for mitigation negative economic consequences, better known as the Crown-Law. We first examined how the companies performed this year compared to the previous year, and then we examined whether there were barriers to the implementation of the Crowv-Law and if so, whether they were internal or external. The results of this research point to the fact that the Crown-Law is not good enough. The measures are not in line with the strategic needs of SMEs, there is a time limit and the measures are short-term. The SME development strategy should be coordinated based on the mechanism of public-private dialogue. SMEs need business services to improve their competitiveness (information, consulting, training, accounting, legal services, advertising, marketing, technical and technological services, including testing standards and certification requirements abroad, product upgrades, etc.). The results of this research provide some information of the business results and expectations of SMEs in times of crisis, while offering insight into measures designed to aid recovery. The results highlight the role that the length of the crisis will play in determining its final impact, which policymakers should consider when considering the scale of interventions needed. On the other side, the Covid-19 pandemic has opened up new challenges, but also opportunities for SMEs, such as technological advances that create new products and transform almost every phase of the business from manufacturing to marketing, procurement and logistics. Currently, only a small part of the SME sector is able to recognize and seize these opportunities and meet the challenges.
Climate factors have an impact on plant life cycle, yield, productivity, economy and profitability of agricultural production. There are not a lot of studies on understanding of influence of climate factors variation on maize yield in agro-ecological conditions of Serbia. The aim of this paper is analysis of variation of climatic factors over a long-time period, as well as assessment of impact of the examined climate parameters on maize yield in two localities in the Republic of Serbia. For the analysis of climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, sunshine, humidity) in the region of Central Serbia and Vojvodina, the data of meteorological stations Kragujevac and Sombor during two thirty-year periods (1961–1990 and 1991–2020) were used. In order to determine the existence and strength of the relationship between the observed climatic factors and maize yield, a correlation analysis of these indicators for the period 2005–2020 years, was performed. In the period 1991–2020, the average values of temperature were annually increased for 0.046 °C in Kragujevac and for 0.05 °C in Sombor, and in the same period the average value of sunshine on an annual level was increased for 1.3 h in Kragujevac and for 5.01 h in Sombor, 2020 in comparison to average values in period of 1961–1990. The humidity was decline annually for 1.3 in Kragujevac and for 3.4 in Sombor in period 1991–2020 in comparison to average humidity in period of 1961–1990. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the maize yield was significantly lower in the years with expressed high temperatures and precipitation deficit. Based on these studies, established effect of climate change on maize yield and that this demand developing adaptation agricultural practice through creating maize hybrids and varieties with greater adaptability and improvement of agrotechnic measure.
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