Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are unique subpopulations of B cells with immune-regulating or immune-suppressing properties and play a role in peripheral tolerance. Due to the current limitations of human Breg studies among periodontal diseases, in the present study, we tried to analyze the change in circulating Bregs, pro-inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with periodontitis. Peripheral blood from 55 patients with stage 2 periodontitis and 20 healthy controls was analyzed using flow cytometry to evaluate the frequency of CD19+CD24+CD38+ Breg cells. ELISA was used to assess the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β. Increased proportions of Breg cells were observed in patients with stage 2 periodontitis compared to controls. Serum levels of cytokines were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was observed between the frequencies of Breg cells and IL35 levels, IL10 levels, and TGF-β. In conclusion, our results suggest that the increase in peripheral Breg cells and serum cytokine levels among periodontitis patients seems to be closely associated with disease progression, a possible link between periodontitis, and systemic inflammatory process.

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Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is believed to play a pathogenic role in the development of pemphigus. Our aim was to assess serum IL-21 levels in pemphigus patients before and after treatment. Twenty patients with pemphigus (pemphigus group) and 10 healthy controls (control group) were enrolled. Patients were assessed clinically

Aim: Assess the level of Annexin-1 and explain the relationship between ANX-1 level and periodontal parameters.Subjects and Methods: 40 female patients (20 pregnant and 20 non-pregnant) were classified into four groups. Group I: 10 pregnant female patients suffering from gingivitis. Group II: 10 pregnant female patients suffering from periodontitis. Group III: 10 non-pregnant female patients suffering from gingivitis. Group IV: 10 non-pregnant female patients suffering from periodontitis. All patients were received conventional periodontal therapy and evaluated clinically at baseline, 4 and 12 Ws. The laboratory evaluation of ANX-1 level was done at baseline, 4 and 12 Ws. The data were collected, tabulated, and statically analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). Results: The clinical parameters plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline, 4 and 12 Ws. In all groups, statistically significant differences were shown in four groups at different intervals when compared to baseline. Plaque index between the four groups representing no statistically significant difference at different intervals. Gingival index shows a statistically significant difference in pregnant and non-pregnant groups at different intervals. Probing depth shows a statistically significant difference in group I when compared with other groups at different intervals. Clinical attachment level shows a statistically significant between pregnant groups and non-pregnant groups at different intervals. ANX-1 level shows a statistically significant difference in group I when compared with other groups at baseline.Conclusion: ANX-1 in GCF showed marked elevated levels with significant differences during pregnancy with gingivitis.

Objectives:The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of multi-detector computed tomography of jaw bones through measurement of jaw density in patients submitted to dental implant restoration . Patients and methods: Our study included 30 systemically healthy patients with partially edentulous areas planning for dental implantation, 20 females and 10 males, ranged in age from 21-65 years with mean age of ±45 years. All patients were referred from the Out-