This paper analyzes more than 40 papers with a restricted area of application of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm, Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II and Multi-Objective Differential Evolution (MODE) to solve the multi-objective problem in agricultural water management. The paper focused on different application aspects which include water allocation, irrigation planning, crop pattern and allocation of available land. The performance and results of these techniques are discussed. The review finds that there is a potential to use MODE to analyzed the multi-objective problem, the application is more significance due to its advantage of being simple and powerful technique than any Evolutionary Algorithm. The paper concludes with the hopeful new trend of research that demand effective use of MODE; inclusion of benefits derived from farm byproducts and production costs into the model.
Mathematical models have been widely used to explain the system originating from human-nature interaction, investigate the impacts of various components, and forecast system behaviour. This paper provides a profound reference to the current state of the art regarding the application of mathematical models to study the impact of human population and population pressure on forest biomass and forest-dependent wildlife. The review focused on two aspects, namely, model formulation and model analysis. In model formulation, the review revealed that socioeconomic status influences forest resource consumption patterns, thus, stratification of the human population based on economic status is a critical phenomenon in modelling human-nature interactions; however, this component has not been featured in the reviewed models. Regarding model analysis, in most of the reviewed work, single parameter approach was utilized to perform uncertainty quantification of the model parameter; this approach has been proven to be inadequate in measuring the uncertainty and sensitivity of the parameter. Thus, the use of correlation or variance based methods, which are multidimensional parameter space methods are of significant importance. Generally, despite the limitations of many assumptions in mathematical modelling, it is revealed that mathematical models demonstrate the ability to handle complex systems originating from interactions between humans and nature.
The purpose of the study was to assess the role of school quality assurance in improving curriculum implementation in secondary schools in Tanzania. Specifically, the study intended to determine strategies used by SQAs to enhance secondary school curriculum implementation and examined the usefulness of school quality assurance reports in improving secondary school curriculum implementation. The study employed a crosssectional descriptive design to collect data from 166 respondents using interview guides, questionnaires and documentary review. The study reveals that: SQAs insisted on the use of academic documents as well as conducting internal school quality assurance as the strategies to improve curriculum implementation and the SQA report gives an overall picture of the position of the school in the aspects of curriculum implementation. It was concluded that SQAs play a great role in ensuring proper implementation of the curriculum in schools, however, SQA alone could not be an adequate factor for improving curriculum implementation.
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