Eocene volcanic rocks from the Central Sakarya Zone in the north of the İzmir-Ankara suture zone (IASZ) are predominantly intermediate-acidic lava flows and pyroclastics that crop out with a W-E orientation. The volcanic rocks include Bozaniç lavas, agglomerates, İğdir lavas, and Kapıkaya tuffs. The Bozaniç lavas contain plagioclase, hornblende, clinopyroxene, and biotite, whereas the İğdir lavas consist of plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, and quartz. According to the total alkali-silica (TAS) diagram, the Bozaniç lavas are mainly composed of andesite and dacite, with one sample of trachyandesite, whereas the İğdir lavas mainly contain dacite and minor andesite. Bozaniç and İğdir lavas exhibit moderate-to high-K calc-alkaline character. Major oxide and trace element variations suggest the effects of fractional crystallization in the evolution of the volcanic rocks. N-type midocean ridge basalt (MORB) normalized trace element patterns of the lavas exhibit enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; K, Rb, Ba, Th) and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs; Zr, Ti, Y). In addition, the chondritenormalized rare earth element (REE) plots of the rocks show moderately enriched and nearly concave-shaped patterns (La N /Yb N = 5.4-17.6 for the Bozaniç lavas and 6.5-13.1 for the İğdir lavas), suggesting clinopyroxene (Cpx) and hornblende dominated fractionation. Negative Eu anomalies in the acidic lavas reveal plagioclase fractionation. Some trace element ratios of the lavas demonstrate a subduction signature and crustal contamination in the generation of the parent magma(s). Multi-dimensional tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest that the studied volcanic rocks have developed in a collisional setting.
There are numerous bentonite deposits, formed by the alteration of volcanic rocks, in the Kapıkaya area (Eskişehir, western Turkey). These deposits can be classified into three groups according to their stratigraphical levels. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), major, rare-earth and trace-element analyses of bentonites and their parent rocks from the Kapıkaya area were used to evaluate the mineralogical and geochemical properties of bentonites and their parental affinities. Mineral assemblages resulting from bentonite deposits consist mostly of clay minerals, gypsum, cristobalite/opal-CT, quartz, feldspar, calcite and dolomite. The clay minerals are represented mainly by dioctahedral smectite and lesser amounts of illite and chlorite. The enrichment and depletion of the elements indicates open-system alteration conditions. The enrichments in MgO, Fe2O3, TiO2, Co, Pb, Zn, and Ni are related to the precipitation of hydrothermal solutions channelled throughout ultramafic sources. The main differences in mineralogy and geochemistry of bentonites from the Kapıkaya area are in the smectite composition and the contents of major, rare-earth and other trace elements. The data obtained show that the types of parent rock the influenced the mineralogical and geochemical compositions of the bentonites.
Anahtar kelimelerKiller; Mineraloji; Neojen kömür baseni; Batı Anadolu.
ÖzetÇalışma alanı Batı Anadolu'da Dinar (Afyon), Çivril, Baklan (Denizli) ve dolayını kapsar. Geç Senozoyik Neotektonik genleşme tektoniği, Batı Anadolu'da alüvyal, fluviyal ve gölsel depolanma sistemlerini içeren birçok graben havza oluşumuna neden olmuştur.
AbstractStudy area is cover of Dinar (Afyon) and Çivril, Baklan settlements (Denizli) and its surroundings in Western Anatolia. The late Cenozoic extensional deformation caused to form several fluviolacustrine graben basins in the Western Anatolia attracting alluvial, fluvial and lacustrine depositions. The reverse V-shaped geometry of the Baklan and Dinar basins filled with Neogene continental deposits. PreNeogene rock succession around the Baklan-Dinar graben consists of conglomerates that overlie a metamorphic basement. The Neogene successions unconformably overlie conglomerates and they contain sandstone, claystone, marl, and limestone alternations deposited in a lacustrine environment. The Plio-Quaternary formations are represented by alluvial fan and fluvio-lacustrine sediments. They consist of clayey, silty sand, sandy clay with pebble and gravel lenses. These deposits contain lignites with an economic reserve.Deep core studies are in progress in the field. Thick clayey zones were cut during the drillings. The aim of this study is to investigate the clay mineralogy and determine the lateral and vertical distribution of the clays. The clay samples investigated in this study are closely related to the commercial lignite deposits since they occur underlying or overlying the major coal seams and also intercalated with them. Clay minerals are smectite, kaolinite, chlorite, illite-smectite mixed-layer varieties and illite. Major clay minerals are illite, smectite and kaolinite. In the Dinar Basin, contents of clay minerals are higher than Baklan Basin. The clay zone ranges from 30 to 300 meters and total thickness of the zone is ~150-200 meters. Major non-clay minerals are quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite, aragonite and phyrite.
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