In 2016, northern Nigeria experienced a devastating infestation by the tomato leaf miner, leading to soaring in prices of tomatoes across the country. Unfortunately, information on the resistance status of this pest is lacking in northern Nigeria, hampering appropriate control measures. Here, we identified to species level and, using bioassays, characterised insecticide susceptibility profile of a field population of a tomato leaf miner from northern Nigeria. Highest resistance was observed with λ-cyhalothrin (a Type II pyrethroid) with a low mortality (18.52% at 56 h) and LD50 of 7461.474 ppm. Resistance was also established toward propoxur and chlorpyrifos-methyl with average mortalities each of 56% and LD50s of 1023.51 ppm and 106.351 ppm, respectively. Highest susceptibility was observed from abamectin with mortality of 86% and LD50 of 0.034 ppm. Pre-exposure to the synergist piperonylbutoxide significantly recovered λ–cyhalothrin susceptibility ((mortality~90%, χ2 = 98.35, p < 0.0001) and LD50 = 0.92 ppm) implicating P450 monoxygenases. No significant changes were observed on pre-exposure to diethyl maleate and triphenylphosphate-inhibitors of glutathione S-transferases and carboxylesterases, respectively. Sequencing of domain II of the voltage-gated sodium channel established 1014F kdr mutation 100% fixed in both λ-cyhalothrin-alive and dead larvae. These findings highlight the challenges for control of this invasive agricultural pest in northern Nigeria.
Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomatoes) Contribution/ OriginalityThis study contributes in the existing literature. The study also is one of very few studies which have investigated the phytochemical constituents of different fractions of Lawsonia inermis leaves extracts and its effect against phytopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum.
45In 2016 northern Nigeria experienced a devastating infestation by the tomato leaf miner, 46 leading to soaring in prices of tomato across the country. Unfortunately, information on 47 the bionomics and resistance status of this pest is lacking in northern Nigeria, hampering 48 appropriate control measures. Here, we identified to species level, and using 49 conventional and synergist bioassays characterised pesticides resistance profile of a field 50 population of a tomato leaf miner from northern Nigeria. Highest resistance was obtained 51 with λ-cyhalothrin (Type II pyrethroid) with a low mortality (18.52% at 56hr) and LD50 52 of 7461.474ppm. Resistance was also established toward propoxur and chlorpyrifos-53 methyl with average mortalities each of 56% and LD50s of 1023.51ppm and 106.351ppm, 54 respectively. Highest susceptibility was seen with abamectin with mortality of 86% and 55 LD50 of 0.034ppm. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide significantly recovered λ-56 cyhalothrin susceptibility (mortality = 90% and LD50 = 0.92ppm) implicating the P450 57 monoxygenases in the resistance. No significant changes in mortalities were obtained on 58 pre-exposure to diethyl maleate and triphenyl-phosphate-inhibitors of glutathione S-59 transferases and carboxylesterases, respectively. The finding of resistance to these 60 agricultural pesticides will sensitize stakeholders across Nigeria to take action to manage 61 the resistance at an early stage before it gets out of hand. 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 15 73 The leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), native to 74 South/Central America [1], is one of the most devastating pests of tomato (Solanum 75 lycopersicum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and other solanaceous plants [2]. Since 76 its first appearance in Spain in 2006 [3] T. absoluta has expanded its geographic range 77outside Americas (https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/49260), and is now found in far 78 flung places in Europe [4, 5], middle East/Asia [6, 7] and Africa [8, 9]. Following its first 79 appearance in Africa at Senegal [10], this pest has expanded southward and in the recent 80 years and have been reported in East [11] and southern African countries [12]. Africa is 81 a continent of which agricultural sector accounts for more than 60% of total labour force 82[13] and Nigeria is the largest producer of tomato in the continent 83 (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC). However, following the 2016 T. absoluta 84 invasion (nicknamed 'tomato ebola') more than 80% of the tomato produce was lost in 85 northern Nigeria [14], leading to purported 125-400% increase in tomato price as 86 reported in the local news. In Kano State alone farmers lost more than 2 billion Nigerian 87 Naira in the 2016 season alone (https://punchng.com/tomato-farmers-in-kano-lose-88 n2bn-to-tuta-absoluta/). 89As usual farmers responded by increasing the quantities of pesticides they apply 90 (personal communication), often in mixtures o...
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