The earliest modification of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) in terms of words or document attributes is by relaxing its exchangeability assumption via the Bag-of-word (BoW) matrix. Several authors have proposed many modifications of the original LDA by focusing on model that assumes the current topic depends on the words from previous topic. Most of the earlier work ignored the document length distribution since it is assumed that it will fizzle out at the modelling stage. Thus, in this paper, the Poisson document length distribution of LDA model is replaced with Generalized Poisson (GP) distribution which has the strength of capturing complex structures. The main strengths of GP are in capturing overdispersed (variance larger than mean) and under dispersed (variance smaller than mean) count data. The Poisson distribution used by LDA strongly relies on the assumption that the mean and variance of document lengths are equal. This assumption is often unrealistic with most real-life text data where the variance of document length may be greater than or less than their mean. Approximate estimate of the GPLDA model parameters was achieved using Newton-Raphson approximation technique of log-likelihood. Performance and comparative analysis of GPLDA with LDA using accuracy and F 1 showed improved results.
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of fungus Aspergillus flavus and closely related species that infects severalagricultural commodities. The consumption of contaminated commodities adversely affects the health of humansand animals and also a cause of significant economic losses to producers. This study surveyed the aflatoxincontamination level of cowpea, maize, melon, groundnut, yam chips and fish sold in Maiduguri metropolis.Samples from each product (250 g) were bulked and thoroughly mixed using coning and quartering method to geta representative sample for analysis. Laboratory observations were carried out regarding microbial analysis,proximate composition and aflatoxin content. Samples for aflatoxin detection were classified into three; unsortedsamples, sorted samples and sorted/washed dried samples. Fish had the highest bacterial load 2.48 x 106 cfu/ml andAspergillus species were found to be the predominant fungi identified. Maize and groundnut with moisture contentof 5.63 and 5.62 had the highest total aflatoxin contamination (320.51 μg/kg and 236.3 μg/kg respectively) both inthe unsorted group. Total aflatoxin reduction of (58.82 - 99.99%) was observed in all the sorted samples andsorted/washed dried samples. It can be concluded that commonly sold food in Maiduguri had fungal and Aflatoxincontamination. Food should undergo several rounds of sorting to remove discoloured grains and grains that showsevidence(s) of deterioration to reduce the ingestion of food contaminated with aflatoxin.
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