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C-(A)-S-H(I) is a structurally imperfect form of 14 Å tobermorite that is studied extensively as a model for the main binding phase in concrete. Crystal-chemically plausible structures are developed that account for a wide range of experimental observations, including variations in calcium to silicon ratio, water to silicon ratio, (alumino)silicate anion structure and layer spacing.

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Solid-state "A1 and 29Si magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy has been combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy carried out in the transmission electron microscope to determine the location of A1 substituting in a semicrystalline C-S-H gel present in a hydrated synthetic slag glass. The gel is found to contain mainly pentameric silicate chains in which the central silicon is substituted by aluminum.

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