In this work we report on a simple inertial microfluidic device that achieves continuous multi-particle separation using the principle of Dean-coupled inertial migration in spiral microchannels. The dominant inertial forces coupled with the Dean rotational force due to the curvilinear microchannel geometry cause particles to occupy a single equilibrium position near the inner microchannel wall. The position at which particles equilibrate is dependent on the ratio of the inertial lift to Dean drag forces. Using this concept, we demonstrate, for the first time, a spiral lab-on-a-chip (LOC) for size-dependent focusing of particles at distinct equilibrium positions across the microchannel cross-section from a multi-particle mixture. The individual particle streams can be collected with an appropriately designed outlet system. To demonstrate this principle, a 5-loop Archimedean spiral microchannel with a fixed width of 500 microm and a height of 130 microm was used to simultaneously and continuously separate 10 microm, 15 microm, and 20 microm polystyrene particles. The device exhibited 90% separation efficiency. The versatility of the device was demonstrated by separating neuroblastoma and glioma cells with 80% efficiency and high relative viability (>90%). The achieved throughput of approximately 1 million cells/min is substantially higher than the sorting rates reported by other microscale sorting methods and is comparable to the rates obtained with commercial macroscale flow cytometry techniques. The simple planar structure and high throughput offered by this passive microfluidic approach make it attractive for LOC devices in biomedical and environmental applications.

Microparticle separation and concentration based on size has become indispensable in many biomedical and environmental applications. In this paper we describe a passive microfluidic device with spiral microchannel geometry for complete separation of particles. The design takes advantage of the inertial lift and viscous drag forces acting on particles of various sizes to achieve differential migration, and hence separation, of microparticles. The dominant inertial forces and the Dean rotation force due to the spiral microchannel geometry cause the larger particles to occupy a single equilibrium position near the inner microchannel wall. The smaller particles migrate to the outer half of the channel under the influence of Dean forces resulting in the formation of two distinct particle streams which are collected in two separate outputs. This is the first demonstration that takes advantage of the dual role of Dean forces for focusing larger particles in a single equilibrium position and transposing the smaller particles from the inner half to the outer half of the microchannel cross-section. The 5-loop spiral microchannel 100 microm wide and 50 microm high was used to successfully demonstrate a complete separation of 7.32 microm and 1.9 microm particles at Dean number De = 0.47. Analytical analysis supporting the experiments and models is also presented. The simple planar structure of the separator offers simple fabrication and makes it ideal for integration with on-chip microfluidic systems, such as micro total analysis systems (muTAS) or lab-on-a-chip (LOC) for continuous filtration and separation applications.

Inertial microfluidics has been attracting considerable interest in recent years due to immensely promising applications in cell biology. Despite the intense attention, the primary focus has been on development of inertial microfluidic devices with less emphasis paid to elucidation of the inertial focusing mechanics. The incomplete understanding, and sometimes confusing experimental results that indicate a different number of focusing positions in square or rectangular microchannels under similar flow conditions, have led to poor guidelines and difficulties in design of inertial microfluidic systems. In this work, we describe and experimentally validate a two-stage model inertial focusing in microchannels. Our analysis and experimental results show that not only the well-accepted shear-induced and wall-induced lift forces act on particles within flow causing equilibration near microchannel sidewalls, but the rotation-induced lift force influences the position of these equilibria. In addition, for the first time, we experimentally measure lift coefficients, which previously could only be obtained from numerical simulations. More importantly, insights offered by our two-stage model of inertial focusing are broadly applicable to cross-sectional geometries beyond rectangular. With elucidation of the equilibration mechanism, we envision better guidelines for the inertial microfluidics community, ultimately leading to improved performance and broader acceptance of the inertial microfluidic devices in a wide range of applications, from filtration to cell separations.

Paper-based immunoassays are becoming powerful and low-cost diagnostic tools, especially in resource-limited settings. Inexpensive methods for quantifying these assays have been shown using desktop scanners, which lack portability, and cameras, which suffer from the ever changing ambient light conditions. In this work, we introduce a novel approach of quantifying colors of colorimetric diagnostic assays with a smartphone that allows high accuracy measurements in a wide range of ambient conditions, making it a truly portable system. Instead of directly using the red, green, and blue (RGB) intensities of the color images taken by a smartphone camera, we use chromaticity values to construct calibration curves of analyte concentrations. We demonstrate the high accuracy of this approach in pH measurements with linear response ranges of 1-12. These results are comparable to those reported using a desktop scanner or silicon photodetectors. To make the approach adoptable under different lighting conditions, we developed a calibration technique to compensate for measurement errors due to variability in ambient light. This technique is applicable to a number of common light sources, such as sun light, fluorescent light, or smartphone LED light. Ultimately, the entire approach can be integrated in an "app" to enable one-click reading, making our smartphone based approach operable without any professional training or complex instrumentation.

In this paper, we describe a simple passive microfluidic device with rectangular microchannel geometry for continuous particle filtration. The design takes advantage of preferential migration of particles in rectangular microchannels based on shear-induced inertial lift forces. These dominant inertial forces cause particles to move laterally and occupy equilibrium positions along the longer vertical microchannel walls. Using this principle, we demonstrate extraction of 590 nm particles from a mixture of 1.9 lm and 590 nm particles in a straight microfluidic channel with rectangular cross-section. Based on the theoretical analysis and experimental data, we describe conditions required for predicting the onset of particle equilibration in square and rectangular microchannels. The microfluidic channel design has a simple planar structure and can be easily integrated with on-chip microfluidic components for filtration and extraction of wide range of particle sizes. The ability to continuously and differentially equilibrate particles of different size without external forces in microchannels is expected to have numerous applications in filtration, cytometry, and bioseparations.

Wearable digital health devices are dominantly found in rigid form factors such as bracelets and pucks. An adhesive radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensor bandage (patch) is reported, which can be made completely intimate with human skin, a distinct advantage for chronological monitoring of biomarkers in sweat. In this demonstration, a commercial RFID chip is adapted with minimum components to allow potentiometric sensing of solutes in sweat, and surface temperature, as read by an Android smartphone app with 96% accuracy at 50 mM Na(+) (in vitro tests). All circuitry is solder-reflow integrated on a standard Cu/polyimide flexible-electronic layer including an antenna, but while also allowing electroplating for simple integration of exotic metals for sensing electrodes. Optional paper microfluidics wick sweat from a sweat porous adhesive allowing flow to the sensor, or the sensor can be directly contacted to the skin. The wearability of the patch has been demonstrated for up to seven days, and includes a protective textile which provides a feel and appearance similar to a standard Band-Aid. Applications include hydration monitoring, but the basic capability is extendable to other mM ionic solutes in sweat (Cl(-), K(+), Mg(2+), NH4(+), and Zn(2+)). The design and fabrication of the patch are provided in full detail, as the basic components could be useful in the design of other wearable sensors.

In this work, we introduce a novel method for enhanced particle filtration using shear-modulated inertial migration in straight microchannels. Depending on their size, inertial lift causes particles to migrate toward microchannel walls. Using microchannels with high aspect ratio cross sections, the fluidic shear can be modulated, resulting in preferential equilibration of particles along the longer microchannel walls. Due to large lift forces generated in these high aspect ratio channels, complete particle filtration can be achieved in short distances even at low flow rates ͑ReϽ 50͒. Based on this principle, we use a straight microfluidic channel with a rectangular cross section to passively and continuously filter 1.9 m polystyrene particles. Overall, the proposed technique is versatile and can be easily integrated with on-chip microfluidic systems for filtration of a wide range of particle sizes, from micro-to nanoparticles.

Blood cell sorting is critical to sample preparation for both clinical diagnosis and therapeutic research. The spiral inertial microfluidic devices can achieve label-free, continuous separation of cell mixtures with high throughput and efficiency. The devices utilize hydrodynamic forces acting on cells within laminar flow, coupled with rotational Dean drag due to curvilinear microchannel geometry. Here, we report on optimized Archimedean spiral devices to achieve cell separation in less than 8 cm of downstream focusing length. These improved devices are small in size (<1 in. 2 ), exhibit high separation efficiency ($95%), and high throughput with rates up to 1 Â 10 6 cells per minute. These device concepts offer a path towards possible development of a lab-on-chip for point-of-care blood analysis with high efficiency, low cost, and reduced analysis time. V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.