The ongoing public health crisis associated with injection drug use highlights the failure of prohibitionist policies. In contrast, harm reduction approaches aim to protect and promote the health of drug users. Supervised injection facilities (SIFs) are one important component of this approach. This article considers the international legal implications of establishing SIFs. It argues that implementing trials of SIFs is an appropriate measure that states should take pursuant to their international legal obligations to realize progressively the right of their nationals to the highest attainable standard of health. It argues that international drug control treaties do not prevent such measures, as is commonly claimed. The authors conclude that successful trials in Europe and Australia should be emulated elsewhere, in accordance with states' international obligations.
12 Ibid. Sheldon and Krieger's classifications of motivations and values as 'extrinsic' or 'intrinsic' are taken from Self-Determination Theory -see Richard M Ryan and Edward L Deci, 'Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions' (2000) 25 Contemporary Educational Psychology 54 ('Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations'); Richard M Ryan and Edward L Deci, 'Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being' (2000) 55 American Psychologist 68 ('FacilitationAmerican Psychologist 68 ('Facilitation American Psychologist of Intrinsic Motivation'). In short, '[t]he term extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain some separable outcome and, thus, contrasts with intrinsic motivation, which refers to doing an activity for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself': Ryan and Deci 'Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation', 71. 13 Sheldon and Krieger, 'Changes in Motivation' above n 5, 264, 281. 40 Tani and Vines, above n 21, 13. 41 Coding of this reason as External is consistent with Sheldon and Krieger's coding.Note that Sheldon and Krieger use External and Extrinsic interchangeably: see 'Changes in Motivation', above n 5, 272. 42 This finding is slightly at odds with Sheldon and Krieger's finding that students' levels of intrinsic motivation declined as they progressed through law school. See Sheldon and Krieger, 'Changes in Motivation', above n 5, 271-3.
Over the last decade there has been an expansion in the number of Juris Doctor (JD) courses in the Australian legal education marketplace. Across the board it is graduate-entry, but it is currently offered in undergraduate, postgraduate and ‘hybrid’ forms. In this article we will discuss recent research conducted as part of an Australian Learning and Teaching Council grant. This project included an exploration of whether JD courses in Australia were applying different and higher level academic standards to those operating in Bachelor of Laws degrees. Our research findings reveal justification for concerns about the academic standards of some JD courses, particularly those where masters level students were being taught alongside their undergraduate counterparts. They also provide some insights into perceptions in the marketplace of JD graduates. Finally, we will discuss the future viability of such courses in light of recent revisions to the Australian Qualifications Framework.
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