In this review, work measurement techniques involved in establishing what pharmacists do and how they perform their various duties are described. Initially, a comprehensive literature search was undertaken using Medline, Pharmline and Bath Information and Data Services (BIDS). Seven methods of work measurement were found to have been used in pharmacy research. Each method is explained and its applicability to pharmacy research evaluated. Work measurement studies have proved to be of value in analysing individual jobs and quantifymg institutional staffing levels. By understanding both the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the pharmacist researcher should be able to choose the most appropriate method for his or her own investigation.
Seven general practitioners used various methods to identify patients in their practices whom they had inherited and whose medication they regarded as inappropriate in the light of current knowledge. Information was collected in each case about the drug concerned, the patient, the original prescriber, and the reason for continued prescribing. Each patient was also interviewed. Altogether, 25 different drugs were prescribed for 40 patients: in 16 the inappropriate drug was one acting on the brain, in 13 an antihypertensive, in seven it was given for heart disease and in three, for asthma. The influence of the original prescriber, and the patient's dependence on the drug, helped to explain its continued use. Almost half the patients said that they might consider changing their medication. The study underlines the importance of reviewing long-term medication and offers a method of scrutinizing repeat prescribing in general practice. Community pharmacists could help in this process.
Objective — To investigate community pharmacy managers' perceptions of their role in providing health care to patients and to compare these with their aspirations for the future. Method — Fourteen pharmacist managers from one regional area of a UK national multiple pharmacy chain participated in two focus groups. Key findings — Participants voiced a shared vision of wanting to play a more integral part in the health care of patients. Strategies put forward to embrace a more participative role included delegation of health screening and minor illness clinics from the prescriber to the pharmacist, having more formalised and open channels of communication with prescribers and moving away from performing technical duties, such as the physical assembly of medicines. Participants in both groups showed awareness that apathy and inaction would result in potential opportunities for pharmacy to be lost or passed over to another profession within the primary health care team (PHCT). Two key external obstacles that currently prevented attainment of desired roles were identified: first, a lack of awareness among other health care professionals and the general public about the pharmacist's skills and attributes and, secondly, current UK legislation that limits the potential for community pharmacists to expand their role away from the pharmacy premises. Conclusions — Participants believed that they could provide a more comprehensive pharmaceutical service if given the chance. However, they believed that implementation of change would be difficult considering the obstacles that needed to be surmounted for change to occur.
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