The adverse effects of PGE2 on aortic smooth muscle cell viability and cytokine secretion in vitro and the apparent effect of anti-inflammatory drugs to lower aneurysm growth rates suggest that selective inhibition of PGE2 synthesis could be an effective treatment to curtail aneurysm expansion.

FEVAR and open repair have similar short-term outcomes but have diverging long-term outcomes that may be secondary to the selection bias of FEVAR being offered to high-risk patients. FEVAR is a favorable option in high-risk patients, and open repair remains viable as the gold standard.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become a valued weapon in the phlebologist's armoury. It offers ease of use and reproducibility with good outcomes. However, as with all interventions, complications arise. In this review we examine the complications inherent with RFA and their relative risk, with their avoidance measures if available. Overall, we find that RFA offers a very safe procedure with rare severe complications.