Use of the Internet by seniors as a communication technology may lead to changes in older adult social relationships. This study used an online questionnaire to survey 222 Australians over 55 years of age on Internet use. Respondents primarily used the Internet for communication, seeking information, and commercial purposes. The results showed negative correlations between loneliness and well-being. Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater use of the Internet as a communication tool was associated with a lower level of social loneliness. In contrast, greater use of the Internet to find new people was associated with a higher level of emotional loneliness.

The Internet has often been argued to have adverse psychological consequences, such as depression or anxiety symptoms, among "over-users." The present study offers an alternative understanding, suggesting the Internet may be used as a forum for expanding social networks and consequently enhancing the chance of meaningful relationships, self-confidence, social abilities, and social support. An online sample of 188 people was recruited over the Internet, while paper and pencil tests were administered to an offline sample group of 27 undergraduate university students, who were regular Internet users. Subjects completed the Zung Depression Scale (ZDS), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire?Revised Short Scale (EPQ-R Short), Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) scale, Internet Use Questionnaire (IUQ), and an Internet Effects Questionnaire (IEQ). Results suggested that there was no relationship between time spent online and depression, anxiety, or social fearfulness. Those who primarily used the Internet for online chat believed that the Internet is psychologically beneficial to them, but also believed that frequent Internet users are lonely and that the Internet can be addictive. It is argued that "chat" users who are socially fearful may be using the Internet as a form of low-risk social approach and an opportunity to rehearse social behavior and communication skills, which, may help them improve interaction with offline, face-to-face, social environments.

Although it is increasingly obvious that the Internet is changing human life; the details of this change are not yet clear. A major debate in current literature involves the capacity of the Internet to enhance social capital and wellbeing in old age. In this regard, the present study attempts to investigate the relationships between Internet use and older people's social capital and wellbeing. An online survey was conducted at the University of Sydney. 222 seniors responded to the survey. The measures used included a wide range of instruments related to the Internet use, social capital and wellbeing. Respondents used the Internet for various purposes, including seeking information, entertainment, commerce, communication, and finding new people. The main findings of the study were that the relationships between Internet use, social capital and wellbeing is a complex construct and the Internet has different effects on social capital and wellbeing resulting from different use of this technology. The study results revealed that the Internet is a 2-edged sword with the ability to both harm and help. According to the findings of this study, using the Internet can be helpful for older adults if they are aware how they use it.

Policy development should be informed by better understanding of the potential and limitations of the Internet as a tool for generating and sustaining social capital in old age.

The Internet opens new options for communication and may change the extent to which older people use other modes of communication. The importance of older adults' participation in cyberspace has increased as Internet use for commerce and communication has increased. The present study explores how older adults' Internet use affects their sense of community. An online survey was conducted at the University of Sydney to determine the associations between Internet use and seniors' sense of community and well-being. Participants were recruited online. There was a positive association between a sense of belonging to an online community, sense of community, and well-being. Seniors' use of the Internet for communication and information, and the frequency and history of their Internet use, were consistently related to a greater sense of community.

During student presentations the oral communication skills of final year BSc pharmacology students were assessed by their peer group and by a group of academic staff. That there was agreement between staff and peers about the absolute and relative quality achieved in the presentations is indicated by the significant positive correlation between the two sets of marks awarded to individuals and the agreement about which presenters constituted the top and bottom quartiles of the mark list. The standard of presentation achieved by a student was not related to the marks given by that student (i.e. assessment was independent of a student's own communication skills). There was a significant correlation between students" communication skills and their performance in written tests but a number of individuals exhibited marked differences in these two abilities.

No abstract

Although noradrenaline is known to be stable for at least 4 h at room temperature in sterile solutions for intravenous infusion (Haggendal & Johnsson, 1967), it is well appreciated that noradrenaline is highly susceptible to chemical degradation by oxidation especially under the conditions found in isolated tissue baths (physiological saline, pH 7.4,37", oxygenation). For this reason many workers include stabilizing agents (typically ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or ascorbic acid) in the physiological saline during incubation of tissues with radiolabelled noradrenaline or when perfusing tissues with solution containing noradrenaline. A variety of concentrations of EDTA or ascorbic acid have been used by different workers but there appears to be little information in the literature concerning the effectiveness of these concentrations or about the actions of these materials on relevant biological processes, noradrenaline uptake for example.To clarify these points (-)-noradrenaline bitartrate (Sigma) (312 nM) was incubated in a stirred isolated tissue bath (100 ml) with physiological saline (NaCI 118, KCI 4.7, CaCI, 2.5, MgSOo 1.2, NaHCO, 25, KH,PO, 1.2, glucose 1l.lmM; aerated with 5 % carbon dioxide in oxygen (30 ml min-'); pH 7.4) at various temperatures. At appropriate times a portion of the bath fluid was removed and sufficient 2 . 0~ acetic acid was added to give 0.1 ml 2.0M acetic acid per 0.9 ml bath fluid. The solution was then assayed for noradrenaline by the following fluorimetric method using internal standards. To a 1.0 ml samplewasadded 0.2 ml 1 . 0~ K,HPO, and 0.1 ml 6.07 mM K,Fe(CN), and the solution was mixed well. After 5 min 0.5 ml of a freshly prepared mixture consisting of 6.25 ml ON NaOH + 3.25 ml 1 . 5 9~ Na,SO, + 0.5 ml 9 0 . 9 m~ ascorbic acid was added.After a further 5 min 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid was added and the solution left to stand for 5 min. Fluorescence of the sample was measured in a Perkin Elmer MPF 3 fluorescence sepectrometer using an excitation wavelength of 395nm, an emission wavelength of 480 nm and a band pass of 10 nm. When noradrenaline assays were carried out with bath solutions containing EDTA or 2 8 4 . 1~~ ascorbic acid it was found necessary to increase the K,Fe(CN), to 0.2 ml and 0.3 ml respectively.This procedure provided a measure of the amount of noradrenaline in the bath fluid together with any preformed oxidation products expressed in terms of noradrenaline. Two types of blanks were used in conjunction. Firstly, 'faded blanks' (which assess the contribution of the reagents to the total fluorescence) were prepared by adding the NaOH component of the mixture at the normal time but delaying addition of the * Correspondence. Na,SO, and ascorbic acid until immediately before the addition of the acetic acid. Secondly, a 'reversed oxidant blank' was prepared by adding the K,Fe(CN), after the alkaline mixture and immediately before the acetic acid. This modification fails to oxidize the noradrenaline present which therefore does not form the fluorophore w...