The importance of being family centered when providing services to children with a disability and their families has gained currency in the research and practice literature. A growing body of evidence has validated many of the theoretical links between the help-giving practices of staff and desirable outcomes for families with a child with a disability. However, it is clear from the research to date that the relationship between the provision of family-centered services and the achievement of positive outcomes for children and their parents is complex and is yet to be fully understood. The present article reviews the research in this area and discusses the links between help-giving practices and child and family outcomes for families who have a member with a disability. The article summarizes the extant research in an accessible format and identifies areas for future research.

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PrefaceDynamic environments abound and offer particular challenges for all optimisation and problem solving methods. A well-known strategy for survival in dynamic environments is to adopt a population-based approach. Rather than maintaining a single candidate solution, a population of candidate solutions is employed. This allows a diversity of potential solutions to be maintained, which increases the likelihood that a sufficient solution exists at any point in time to ensure the survival of the population in the long term. Dynamic environments can exhibit different types of change that can be abrupt and random, cyclical, or the product of complex relationships. The changes might range from relatively small smooth transitions to substantial perturbations in all aspects of the domain.Natural Computing (NC) has given rise to a family of population-based algorithms that exhibit varying degrees of success in solving problems in dynamic environments. It is natural to turn to algorithms which are inspired by the natural world when one wishes to solve problems in the natural world. In particular, biological evolution has given rise to effective problem solvers which survive in complex dynamic environments. Without natural evolution, the inspriation for evolutionary compuation, we would not have any of the other NC algorithms such as neurocomputing, immunocomputing, sociocomputing and grammatical and developmental computing; they are inspired by the products of the biological evolutionary process acting in a dynamic environment.In this book we focus on the first steps in the extension of a grammarbased form of Genetic Programming, Grammatical Evolution, in order to improve its ability to solve problems in dynamic environments. A relatively recent, powerful, addition to the stable of Evolutionary Computation, Grammatical Evolution (GE) adopts BNF grammars for the evolution of variable length programs. Thus far, there has been little study of the utility of GE in dynamic environments. Foundations in Grammatical Evolution for Dynamic Environments is the second book to be published on Grammatical Evolution, and it has been six years since Grammatical Evolution: VI Preface Evolutionary Automatic Programming in an Arbitrary Language appeared.A comprehensive analysis of prior work in EC and GE in the context of dynamic environments is presented. From this, it is seen that GE offers substantial potential due to the flexibility provided by the BNF grammar and the many-to-one genotype-to-phenotype mapping.Subsequently, novel methods of constant creation are introduced that incorporate greater levels of latent evolvability through the use of BNF grammars. These methods are demonstrated to be more accurate and adaptable than the standard methods adopted.Through placing GE in the context of a dynamic real-world problem, the trading of financial indices, phenotypic diversity is demonstrated to be a function of the fitness landscape. That is, phenotypic entropy fluctuates with the universe of potentially fit solutions. Evidence is also...

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Loss of the extensor mechanism at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint leads to mallet finger also known as baseball finger or drop finger. This can be secondary to tendon substance disruption or to a bony avulsion. Soft tissue mallet finger is the result of a rupture of the extensor tendon in Zone 1, and a bony mallet finger is the result of an avulsion of the extensor tendon from the distal phalanx with a small fragment of bone attached to the avulsed tendon. Mallet finger leads to an imbalance in the distribution of the extensor force between the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and DIP joints. If left untreated, mallet finger leads to a swan neck deformity from PIP joint hyper extension and DIP joint flexion. Most mallet finger injuries can be managed non-surgically, but occasionally surgery is recommended for either an acute or a chronic mallet finger or for salvage of failed prior treatment.

A family-centered approach to the support of families with a young child with an intellectual or developmental disability has been widely adopted in the last decade. While some of the foundational assumptions of family-centered theory have been tested, there remain considerable gaps in the research evidence for this approach. While parenting stress and competence have been examined in the general family support literature, these variables have received little attention in the family-centered support literature. This pilot study examined the relationship between parent stress and parenting competence and family-centered support. The results suggest that important components of family-centered practice are significantly associated with parent stress, but that a meaningful association between parenting competence and family-centered practice is yet to be demonstrated.

Background Despite recent advances in the treatment of hepatitis C, it is estimated that nearly 4 million Americans have a chronic form of the disease. Although research in lower-extremity arthroplasty suggests patients with hepatitis C are at risk for increased complications, including postoperative bleeding, acute postoperative infection, and general medical complications, no similar studies have investigated this question in patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Questions/purposes We asked whether there is an increased risk of postoperative complications after TSA among patients who have hepatitis C, and if so, what complications in particular seem more likely to occur in this population? Methods Patients who underwent TSA, including anatomic or reverse TSA, were identified in the PearlDiver database using ICD-9 procedure codes. This is a for-fee insurance patient-records database that contains more than 100 million individual patient records from 2005 to 2012. The Medicare data in the database are the complete 100% Medicare Standard Analytical File indexed to allow for patient tracking with time. Patients with hepatitis C who underwent shoulder arthroplasty then were identified using ICD-9 codes. Patients with hepatitis B coinfection or HIV were excluded. A control cohort of patients without hepatitis C who underwent TSA was created and matched to the study cohort based on age, sex, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. A total of 1466 patients with hepatitis C and 21,502 control patients were included. The two cohorts were statistically similar in terms of sex (53% females in study and control groups), age (nearly 1 . 2 of each cohort younger than 65 years), obesity (approximately 17% of each cohort were obese), diabetes (approximately 40% of each cohort had diabetes), and followup of each cohort occurred throughout the length of the database from 2005 to 2012. Postoperative complications were assessed using ICD-9 and Current Procedural Terminology codes and compared between cohorts.

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