The Roman fort of Carlisle was first discovered by the late Dorothy Charlesworth in 1973 at Annetwell Street. Excavation by her and after 1980 by the Carlisle Archaeological Unit located the southern defences of the primary fort and identified a sequence of Roman forts extending from AD. 72/3 down to the fourth century. In 1981–2 excavation at Castle Street produced a sequence of timber phases closely matching the fort stratigraphy, with military association in the finds assemblages, but lying outside the fort defences. The early phases were arguably part of a defended annexe or within a military vicus, though proof was lacking.

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The importance of a book on the Roman frontier in Britain should perhaps not be determined by the place in which the author is writing. However, when most of the work produced on this subject comes from Scotland or NorthEast England, it is interesting to see how the perspective changes when viewed from NorthWest England. Shotter's first three chapters set the scene, describing the birth of the Empire and the concept of frontiers, and bring the story of the invasion and conquest down to the time of Agricola. S. has little time for the idea of a frontier in the Midlands and the thrust of these chapters is to give the background to the main story. The chapters on Flavian and Trajanic frontiers, Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, and the Severan wars form the nucleus of the book which is completed by chapters on the third and fourth centuries and life in the frontier zone. The main text is augmented by lists of emperors, Roman governors, and events in Roman Britain and various appendices on sources. Particularly interesting, given the author's own interests, is Appendix II on those coins which document events in Britain. Together they make the book very easy to use for readers who do not have instant recall of this information. Essentially this is a work of synthesis, written in an easy, fluent style. On the whole it takes its ideas from its sources, although S. adds refinements of his own and the text repays close attention, not least because there is a lot of detail in it. Unfortunately it predates the appearance of Hodgson's paper {Britannia 26 (1995), 29-50) which would have simplified the discussion about the end of the Antonine Wall. The book is generously illustrated with photographs, many of them of recent work in NorthWest England, with Professor Barri Jones's aerial photographs well-represented. Previous books from Carnegie Press have had very unsatisfactory plates but the quality of reproduction here is excellent. Two themes of special interest show the value of the author's local knowledge: an attempt to make sense of Barri Jones's work in Cumbria and to integrate it into our existing knowledge of the Stanegate frontier, and the description of the Hadrianic works along the Cumberland coast which are given a chapter to themselves rather than being treated as a tailpiece to Hadrian's Wall. For the Cumberland coast S. supplies a sensible and coherent summary of the available evidence. It cannot, however, be said that the discussion of the Flavian and Trajanic arrangements succeeds as well. S. generally follows Jones's paper to the 1989 Roman Frontier Congress, even to the extent of reproducing Jones's plans of the Stanegate frontier. However, dating evidence from Jones's excavations is scarce and largely unpublished. For Jones the key dating comes from Burgh I, where the pottery falls within the range A.D. 90-130. Since BB1 was apparently found in the earliest phase (the watch-tower), it is arguable that Burgh I is actually the Hadrianic fort associated with the Wall. (In the Carlisle forts, Louise Hird foun...

Some Corrections to CSIR I, Fascicule 6. Ian Caruana writes: A number of errors have been noted in the corpus of sculpture devoted to Carlisle and the western part of Hadrian's Wall. 1 Since many are 'ghosts' and others have better provenances than in CSIR it is worth putting them on record. No. 322. Uninscribed altar from Carlisle, now lost and relying upon drawing in Horsley. 2 The history of this stone is now better known as a result of new research by Bruce Jones. 3 According to Sir John Clerk the altar was taken to Kileker's house in Fisher Street, and this was its last known home rather than the garden of Brigadier Stanwix's house. Kileker's house can be identified with Walton's shop and Treasury Court, immediately north of the old Meeting House in Fisher Street. The transfer must have been between 1732 and 1734. No. 323. Weathered altar, now at Drumburgh, said to have been found in 1977 or 1978. In fact, this was a re-discovery and the altar can be identified by the leaf pattern on the frieze from Horsley's drawing. It came originally from Old Carlisle. 4 No. 467. Pine-cone, much broken and now missing, is recorded by CSIR as from an unknown source but presumed to be Hadrian's Wall. The CSIR entry is based on Budge's catalogue of Chesters Museum, 5 in which the entry for No. 220 on p. 342 states that it, along with all the entries on p. 341 (which includes CSIR No. 467), was from Housesteads (pointed out to me by Georgina Plowright). No. 476. A mutilated figure of Hercules, said now to be lost, is in fact a duplicate of CSIR I, 6, No. 477. Chancellor Ferguson, who is the primary source for No. 476, specifically identifies it as LS 502, which is identified as No. 477. 6 It was found in 1830 and the provenance is given as under 'the Newsroom' on English Street directly opposite the Bush Inn, which also agrees with the provenance given for No. 477.