Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were measured in 139 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in 88 patients with prostate cancer who were managed by deferred treatment. Acute urinary retention and large prostate glands tended to be associated with high PSA levels, but at levels greater than 10 ng/ml there was a significant risk of carcinoma being found on subsequent histological examination. The risk of progression of untreated prostate cancer was associated with levels of PSA greater than 20 ng/ml and with a high rate of change of PSA level. The value of measuring PSA in these patients is discussed.
SUMMARY Results are given of a case-control study on bladder cancer in West Yorkshire. The aim of the study was to assess what risks exist for cigarette smoking in the United Kingdom and also to investigate if a dose response effect was present. The study shows for the first time in the United Kingdom a positive but weak relationship between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer. Close examination of the data with regard to this effect shows that a complex set of relationships result when the quantity smoked and the period of smoking are taken into account. A dose response effect is weakly demonstrated when a medium quantity of cigarettes are smoked but it is not present at all in those who smoked most cigarettes for the longest periods. No risk appears to exist for those who have smoked only filter cigarettes. The results are contrasted with similar studies and the significance of the observations are discussed.An association between cigarette consumption and bladder cancer is known as a result of various types of epidemiological inquiry. Correlation studies by Lea,' Fraumeni,2 and Stevens and Moolgavkar,3 several follow up and birth cohort studies," and some case control studies7-13 all indicate that risks exist. There are, however, some deficiencies in our knowledge, in particular no other English case-control study has yet shown a risk.14 Part of the work presented here has already been published in a preliminary form15 but it is the purpose of this study to Tables 1 and 2 show the number of cases and controls in the analyses and their place of interview. Some of the later present fewer results than shown here due to lack of certain information. Table 3 gives the overall result of "ever" versus "never" cigarette smokers from the entire series. These results are similar to those reported in a preliminary study15 for men Table 4 indicates that for men the risks from cigarette smoking decline after abstinence of at least five years; the resulting risk for current smokers Table 5 shows that the risk of the current smokers varies slightly with age at diagnosis but not to any significant degree.
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