This study aims to examine the effect of Own Source Revenues, General Allocation Funds, Special Allocation Funds, and Special Autonomy Funds on Regional Expenditures. This study uses a combination of cross section data with time series in 23 regencies/cities in Aceh Province during 2010-2017, obtained from the Budget Realization Report (LRA) issued by the Directorate General of Regional Financial Management of the Ministry of Finance (DJPK Ministry of Finance). The data analysis method used is Panel Data Regression with the help of Eviews 10. The results of this study prove that Own Source Revenues, General Allocation Funds, Special Allocation Funds, and Special Autonomy Funds have a positive and significant effect on regional expenditures. The magnitude of the effect of Own Source Revenues, General Allocation Funds, Special Allocation Funds, and Special Autonomy Funds on regional expenditure is 94.22% and the remaining 5.78% is influenced by other variables outside this research model. It is recommended to local governments to use Own Source Revenues, General Allocation Funds, Special Allocation Funds, and Special Autonomy Funds effectively and efficiently so that Regional Expenditures can be increased, and the Special Autonomy Fund should be used in the interests of the general publicso as to reduce poverty and the people of Aceh become more prosperous.
Corrosion resistance alloy (CRA) lined pipe is one of the alternative materials for corrosion management in oil and gas application. It is generally more economical compared to CRA clad pipe. However, limited references are currently available regarding performance of CRA lined pipe for high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) pipeline. This paper presents PETRONAS qualification on the suitability of CRA lined pipe for one of its HPHT field. The work focused on the liner and seal weld failure mode due to wrinkling, bending and fatigue cracking during pipeline coating process, offshore installation and operation lifetime. The first stage assessment was conducted using finite element analysis (FEA). Various cases as an effect of pipeline global buckling were considered, including combined pressure, temperature, bending, axial load, cycled between shutdown to normal operating conditions, and effect of griping forces with or without the presence of imperfection. Full scale testing was then performed sequentially simulating full cycle of the pipeline loading, started by thermal loading (coating process), followed by full size four-point bending test (installation case), and lastly full cyclic bending up to maximum lateral buckling strain at design temperature (operation case). Liner gripping force test was then conducted following the full cyclic bending test. Fatigue performance of the seal weld under cyclic loading was also assessed through small-scale low cycle fatigue tests. Both FEA and full scale testing showed that liner pipe was not susceptible to wrinkling at the maximum global buckling loading, even without pressure. There is also indication of residual gripping force even the pipe has gone through full cycle of operation stage. The low cycles fatigue tests also shows high safety factor for the fatigue life. Hence, acceptability of the CRA under actual operating conditions will be higher since bending moments due to buckling occurs while the line is pressurized.
ABSTRAK Penelitian iniu bertujuan (1) untuk mendeskripsikan berhasil atau tidaknya penggunaan Strategi Think-Talk-Write (TTW) Dengan Model Problem Based Learning yang efektif untuk meningkatkan aktivitas menulis teks editorial peserta didik Kelas XII MIPA 1 Semester Ganjil SMA N 1 Kuta Utara Tahun Pelajaran 2019-2020. (2) Untuk mendeskripsikan berhasil atau tidaknya penggunaan Strategi Think-Talk-Write (TTW) Dengan Model Problem Based Learning yang efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar menulis teks editorial peserta didik Kelas XII MIPA 1 Semester Ganjil SMA N 1 Kuta Utara Tahun Pelajaran 2019-2020. Penelitian ini dirancang dalam bentuk penelitian tindakan kelas dengan menggunakan dua siklus. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XII MIPA 1, SMA N 1 Kuta Utara Semester Ganjil SMA N 1 Kuta Utara Tahun Pelajaran 2019-2020. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tes, observasi, wawancara dan angket (kuisioner). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriftif kualitatif dan deskrifitif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Strategi Think-Talk-Write (TTW) dengan Model Problem Based Learning dapat meningkatkan kemampuan menulis teks editorial. Peningkatan ini dapat diketahui dari peningkatan skor siswa. Skor tes pratindakan hanya mencapai 61,20. Setelah diadakannya siklus I skor rata-rata 62,92 dan pada siklus II skor rata-rata 84,86. Peningkatan ini terjadi karena langkah-langkah yang digunakan dalam kegiatan menulis teks editorial menggunakan Strategi Think-Talk-Write (TTW) dengan Model Problem Based Learning sangat tepat. Siswa kelas XII MIPA 1 memberikan respon yang positif terhadap penggunaan Strategi Think-Talk-Write (TTW) dengan Model Problem Based Learning untuk meningkatkan kemampuan menulis teks editorial. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini peneliti menyarankan kepada guiru pengajar mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia, sejauh memungkinkan agar menggunakan Strategi Think-Talk-Write (TTW) dengan Model Problem Based Learning dalam pembelajaran menulis teks editorial sesuai dengan rancangan tindakan yang telah dipaparkan dan dilakukan peneliti. Kata kunci : strategi Think-Talk-Write (TTW), model Problem Based Learning, editorial
Spoolable non-metallic pipe (NMP) is recently getting increased popularity as material for onshore and offshore pipeline. Even though the material is generally more expensive than conventional carbon steel, the total life cycle cost (TLCC) reduction is driven by reduction of pipeline installation cost (faster lay rate, less manpower/equipment) and operational cost (no chemical injection to combat corrosion, less operational pigging and inspection). The most common types of spoolable NMP currently used are reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP) and thermoplastic composite pipe (TCP). Non-metallic composite material strength capacity to withstand internal pressure is naturally decreasing over time. As new material, limited long-term performance data are currently available for these types of pipes. To obtain the long-term strength degradation properties of the material requires long duration and expensive qualification process, which burden the development of these types of pipes. PETRONAS has performed series of qualification test for both RTP and TCP in collaboration with several manufacturers. The qualification was initially based on API RP 15S (edition 2006) with few additional testing to suit offshore application due to the recommended practice initially only covers spoolable RTP and generally for onshore application. The latest edition as specification (API Spec 15S) covers more general types of spoolable plastic line pipes, including bonded (fully non-metallic reinforced plastic pipe) and unbonded type (with metallic reinforcement). Recently DNV also issued DNV RP F119 in 2015, a recommended practice for TCP, which subsequently upgraded to become specification, DNVGL ST F119 in 2018. Both reference specifications/standards above have different requirements on how to design and qualify the reinforced plastic pipe, however in general, both are based on long term test requirement. This paper provides requirement of long-term qualification of the pipe, based on API RP/Spec 15S and compare the result if it is qualified in accordance to DNVGL ST F119. Different result in term of long-term strength capacity is observed between these two standards. This paper also explains the pros and cons and provide feedback to both referenced specifications above, to further improve the specification requirements and reduce the burden of either manufacturer or end user in performing qualification for the pipe.
There is an industry need to have a fit for purpose whilst accurate method of predicting geohazard impact to pipelines. Geohazard events are influenced by rain occurrences. The effect of rain intensity and duration has been much researched in the context of understanding slope failures in Malaysia's context, however timely prediction of slope failures triggered by rain events that can cause pipeline damage remains challenging. The major challenge arises from the fact that numerous variables influence the prediction of the target parameters called PR (Risk Index for geohazard impact to pipeline) and pipeline strain predictions. Uncertainties that makes prediction challenging includes but are not limited to soil strength parameters, subterrain geological conditions, occurrences of external disturbances that are outside zone of concerns and also numerous pipeline related parameters that renders understanding influences complex. To further enhance timely and improved accuracy of predicting geohazard impact to pipeline, new Machine Learning capabilities were used to develop a tool called IMGESA (Integrated Meteorological and Geohazard System Advisory) leveraging on probabilities method to study the features of terrain degradation that are impacted by rain intensity and its duration. New probabilistic algorithms can be used to manage uncertainties. Machine Learning methods can provide the basis for continuous improvement to predictions. Two main parts in establishing the impact of geohazards to terrain degradation are discussed in this paper: the first is associated with availability of data, namely which data can be considered as main influencer to terrain degradation; the second is associated with development of methodology in establishing the predictive model of PR (Risk Index) and Strain Prediction that can be acceptable by industry. This paper will explore the issues from these two important parts and will present salient Machine Learning related experiences to provide the much-needed technology enhancement to push the needle in predicting terrain degradation and its impact to onshore assets.
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