Changes in the behavioral and immunological parameters of the mollusk Biomphalaria tenagophila induced by disruption of the circadian cycle as a consequence of continuous illumination AbstractIn the present investigation we studied some behavioral and immunological parameters of adult gastropod mollusk, Biomphalaria tenagophila, which have been reproducing for several generations under laboratory conditions. One group of gastropods was kept on a 14-h light/10-h dark cycle, corresponding to a regular circadian cycle, and another group was exposed to continuous light for 48 h. Animals were studied along (behavioral groups) or immediately after (immunological groups) 48 h of regular circadian cycle or continuous light conditions. Stopping/floating, dragging and sliding were the behavioral aspects considered (N = 20 for regular cycle; N = 20 for continuous illumination) and number of hemocytes/µl hemolymph was the immunological parameter studied (N = 15 for regular cycle, N = 14 for continuous illumination). Animals under continuous illumination were more active (sliding = 33 episodes, dragging = 48 episodes) and displayed a lower number of hemocytes (78.0 ± 24.27/µl) when compared with mollusks kept on a regular circadian cycle (sliding = 18 episodes, dragging = 27 episodes; hemocytes = 157.6 ± 53.27/µl). The data are discussed in terms of neural circuits and neuroimmunological relations with the possible stressful effect of continuous illumination. The concept of bi-directional communication between the neuroendocrine and immunological systems is increasingly accepted (1,2). This concept rests on the results of studies of the effect of various stress conditions on the immunological system and of the presence of hormonal characteristics of the response to stress in cells of the immunological system.Stress can be seen as the most important and complex body reaction to ensure survival (3). The large amount of information accumulated about stress and the immunological system results almost exclusively from studies on mammals. In particular, the relationship between the hypothalamus-pituitaryadrenal axis and the immunological system has been intensely investigated (4). Among mammals, mice have been the animals most frequently investigated in neuroimmunology laboratories. On the basis of the results obtained with these rodents, knowledge has
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