The biodiesel from Jatropha curcas had been received much attention in these past decades. The seed was accountable for its high oil content. Through the development of oil expeller machine, the remains of an oil extraction were subjected to this study in order to examine the potential of deoiled Jatropha curcas seedcake (JSC) for being used as an organic fertilizer. However, the main concern was the presence of a toxic compound named phorbol ester in the JSC. The bio-safety questions were often regarded as the main concerns for the utilization of JSC as fertilizer. Therefore, the Chinese kale, tomato, and sweet potato were chosen to represent as the leaf, fruit, and tuber vegetable, respectively, which were subjected to the application of JSC as fertilizer. Here, the aspects of plant growth, yield, nutrient, and amount of phorbol ester in such plant parts as well as in the soil were analyzed. Although the treatments in each crops were practically the same, the specified details namely an exact rate of chemically fertilizer were slightly varied. The effects of half rate of chemical fertilizer mixed with high rate of JSC as fertilizer on the yields of Chinese kale and tomato were proven to be on the increase. This same treatment had mostly affected the growth characteristics of sweet potato. The total percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) in the vegetable products were subsequently inspected. Not only the qualities of pre-planting soil, in terms of pH, organic matter, and available P and K were analyzed, but also that of postharvest. Analytical measurements of phorbol ester via both HPLC and LC-MS/MS, were performed in all the samples from both harvested plant parts as well as soil. From all the postharvest propagations, the toxicity of phorbol ester could not be found, neither from the plant products nor the soil. Therefore, utilization of JCS as organic fertilizer for vegetable crops was marked as a safe practice, both for the consumer consumption and soil environment. This outcome can be of choice to solve the problem of rising fertilizer prices.
This paper will present the interactive research of expert team on Jatropha curcas plantation management to obtain high productivity in terms of dry seed weight per cultivation area. Set of experiments were designed and performed on randomize central block design and triplicate data were collected. The spacing was the important factor along with the cutting management program for long time cultivation. Therefore, the 3 different spacing (2x2, 2x3 and 3x3) were tested. The results show that 2x3 and 3x3 m spacing gave high yield of 129.2 and 127.1 kg/rai for the first cultivation year. In addition, types of insect and pest were surveyed in the Jatropha plantations and the ranking of the most found insect and pest was proposed. Mealy bug, Aphids and coccus were the most found insects in the Jatropha plantation. In the mean time, leaf spot, fungus infection, was the most sever in many areas in Thailand. Then the harmless chemical and biological treatments were tested to control those insects. The harmless chemical such as sodium lauryl sulphate and consumable products (tooth paste, shampoo etc) were used. In case of biological control, the natural predator, green lace wing, of the first top three insects was introduced and tested in the field. On the other hand, the number of insect pollinator was recorded at the Jatropha plantation responding to the Sun direction and time of the day. Interestingly, pollen germination also depends on the Sun direction. On the other hand, Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the transesterification of Jatropha oil to obtain the high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) percentage. The results show that at the mole ratio of methanol and oil of 9:1, catalyze of 1.5%, reaction time of 72 min and temperature of 60 o C was the optimum condition and 99.0% of FAME was obtained. For the seed cake utilization, different rates of the seed cake (1,600, 800, 400 kg/rai) were applied to the cultivation of Chinese kale, tomato and potato. It was understandable that the mix of chemical fertilizer and Jatropha seed cake (1,600 kg/rai) gave the highest plant performance and no phorbol ester residue left in the cultivation soil and harvested vegetable.
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