Recent advances in the dyeing technology of man‐made and cellulosic fibres have far outstripped those for wool. The reasons for this are discussed, and possible developments are described on the basis of achievements in other fields of textile dyeing. The present position is analysed from the viewpoint of dyeing techniques and in terms of the dyes and auxiliary products available. Current difficulties in producing dress fabrics to meet fashion demands for bright fast colours are used to illustrate the points raised, and possible methods of surmounting this immediate problem are examined. Special attention is given to the possibilities offered by continuous dyeing procedures for wool, and existing methods are critically surveyed. An attempt is made to define the operating limits of common wool‐dyeing machinery, and thereby to underline the areas where re‐equipment is needed if instrument‐control and automation techniques are to be utilised fully.
The dyeing properties of wool treated with Hercosett 57 resin to render it machine‐washable have been studied. It has been shown that this reactive highly basic resin can greatly improve the dyeability of wool. Reactive dyes have excellent properties on this wool. Differential‐dyeing and fully continuous dyeing processes, using the special properties of Hercosett‐treated wool, have been studied.
Microwaves are high‐frequency radiation capable of producing very rapid, uniform and efficient heating of suitable materials. In particular, they can be used for the rapid heating and fixation of pad‐dyeings on textiles. The feasibility of applying certain reactive dyes to wool in fixation times of 30–60 s has been demonstrated. Factors influencing the rates of fixation of the dyes have been investigated in some detail.
A process for the production of fast, bright dyeings on wool cloth is described. Reactive dyes applied by a pad‐batch (cold) method yield level dyeings with very high colour yields. Virtually 100% fixation has been obtained with Procion M (ICI) dyes applied to wool from mildly acidic solutions, after batching for up to 24 h at room temperature. Yellowing of wool does not occur under these conditions, which facilitate the production of dyeings of a brightness and fastness that cannot be achieved under conventional dyeing conditions for wool.
This paper describes an industrial procedure developed for the application of dyes of good fastness properties, especially reactive dyes, to wool fabric by a pad‐batch technique, following the initial observations (7) that by dyeing from concentrated solutions of urea the rates of diffusion and of reaction of reactive dyes with wool are greatly increased. The chemical and mechanical developments necessary to apply this initial observation under practical dyeing conditions are described.
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