Symmary. About 300 surgical treatments for hemorrhoids are known now. The most common method in the world remains the Milligan-Morgan operation and its numerous modifications. These surgical interventions are essential in the choice of surgical treatment for chronic hemorrhoids. However, both open and closed hemorrhoidectomy have their disadvantages. Purpose. To study the effectiveness of various surgical treatments for patients with chronic hemorrhoids using a laser coagulator. Materials and methods. We conducted a clinical examination and treatment of 140 patients with chronic grade III-IV hemorrhoids by Goligher. All patients were presentably divided into three groups. The first group included 60 patients who had classic open hemorrhoidectomy - the Milligan-Morgan operation. The second group included 40 patients in whom had surgical treatment with a laser coagulator - laser open hemorrhoidectomy. The third group consisted of 40 patients who underwent laser open hemorrhoidectomy, supplemented with laser transcutaneous submucosal mucopexia. Results and discussion. Analyzing the indicators of pain in different groups of patients at different postoperative period, we found that on the first postoperative day the classic Milligan-Morgan surgery, the was most uncomfortable procedure (the first group of patients). Among the patients in the second and third groups there were no people who rated pain above 7 points. In the first group, the median period of first defecation was in 5.0 days. As for in patients of the second group, the first defecation was observed in terms of the 3-5 days with a median of 4.0 days. A similar indicator was observed in patients of the third group. Patients in the second and third groups did not indicate severe pain during the first act of defecation. The anal hematoma was found only in patients of the first group (p<0.01). Anal infiltration occurred in 12.5±5.23 % in the third group (p<0.01). Infections of wounds were not found in any group. Conclusion. Laser open hemorrhoidectomy is an effective method of surgical treatment of patients with chronic hemorrhoids. However, like the classic open hemorrhoidectomy Milligan-Morgan, it allows to eliminate only pathological substrate (cavernous bodies). To prevent recurrence of the disease, it should be supplemented with laser transcutaneous submucosal mucopexia. Analysis of cases of early postoperative complications showed that the classic Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy, compared with intraoperative laser coagulation, had a significantly higher frequency (p<0.001).
The article discusses the key aspects of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. The prevalence of portal vein thrombosis in individuals with liver cirrhosis ranges from 0.6 % to 26 %, with a higher incidence observed in those with decompensated cirrhosis. Symptoms of portal vein thrombosis are often nonspecific. Approximately one-third of patients with this condition experience no symptoms, and the detection of a thrombus is usually an incidental finding during computed tomography or ultrasound examinations. Acute portal vein thrombosis is characterized by abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, non-bloody diarrhea, or acute intestinal obstruction when there is symptomatic dilatation of the superior mesenteric vein. On the other hand, chronic portal vein thrombosis manifests through signs of portal hypertension, such as esophageal and gastric bleeding, deterioration of portal gastropathy, splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and significant ascites. The first-line treatment for portal vein thrombosis involves the use of direct and indirect anticoagulants. However, their administration necessitates careful consideration of the risk of intraluminal bleeding, the severity of cirrhosis, and the potential benefits of portal vein recanalization. Mechanical thrombectomy can serve as an alternative to long-term anticoagulant therapy for portal vein thrombosis. In cases of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis, after mechanical thrombectomy and thrombolysis, the placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is often performed. To conclude, portal vein thrombosis frequently occurs in patients with liver cirrhosis, and its appearance is challenging to predict due to its multifactorial nature. The preferred initial treatment for acute portal vein thrombosis, in the absence of intraluminal bleeding or intestinal ischemia, involves the use of direct and indirect anticoagulants. Minimally invasive surgical options, such as mechanical thrombectomy, chemical thrombolysis, and TIPS placement (with or without variceal embolization), are currently available. However, due to the heterogeneous nature of the existing data and the lack of randomized controlled trials, definitive recommendations regarding the optimal treatment strategy are not yet available. Keywords: cirrhosis, coagulopathy, portal hypertension, portal vein thrombosis, anticoagulants.
Поширення поліпів жовчного міхура складає від 1 до 9,5 % у загальній популяції, ймовірність діагностики аденом достовірно зростає, якщо діаметр поліпа сягає понад 10 мм. Частота захворюваності на поліпи жовчного міхура різна залежно від географічного регіону (вища в Азії) чи етнічної належності, але однакова серед чоловіків і жінок. Виділяють псевдопухлинні поліпи та пухлинні поліпи. Найбільш доступним методом діагностики поліпів жовчного міхура є моніторинг за допомогою ультразвуку. На доопераційному етапі складно визначитися з ймовірністю карциноми жовчного міхура, яка виникла з поліпа, тому виділяють фактори ризику: діаметр поліпа понад 10 мм, вік пацієнта понад 50 років, поліп на широкій основі, локальне потовщення стінки жовчного міхура понад 4 мм, склерозувальний холангіт, етнічна належність до Індії, поодинокий поліп, холелітіаз та поліпи в інших зонах шлунково-кишкового тракту. При асимптомних поліпах жовчного міхура розмірами від 10 мм однозначно рекомендується планова холецистектомія. Якщо у пацієнта є фактори ризику малігнізації, цю величину слід знизити до 6 мм. Холецистектомію рекомендують при поліпах жовчного міхура незалежно від їхніх розмірів, якщо наявні специфічні клінічні симптоми, пов’язані з жовчовивідною системою, або поліпи асоційовані з первинним склерозувальним холангітом. При аналізі клінічної симптоматики та первинного ультразвукового обстеження віддиференціювати псевдопухлинні і пухлинні поліпи вкрай складно. Пухлинні поліпи мають високий ризик малігнізації, що потребує ультразвукового моніторингу впродовж тривалого часу. Показання до операційного втручання при поліпах жовчного міхура є чітко регламентовані, однак при підозрі на карциному жовчного міхура слід дотримуватися активної хірургічної тактики.
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