Background: Malignancies are one of the diseases with the most sufferers, almost all country in the world has a number of these diseases. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens have long been the gold standard in the treatment of various soft tissue malignancies. Despite many beneficial cisplatin features, it also has serious side effects, which are nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity. This literature study aims to theoretically review the role of kenpaullone (CDK2 Inhibitor and GSK-3? Inhibitor) as an autoprotective agent in cisplatin-based chemotherapy patients.Methods: The literature review approach is used in this study. Sources of reading come from relevant and appropriate journals and books from PubMed and Google Scholar.Results: Cisplatin is thought to selectively damages the outer hair cells within the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion cells, and cells within the stria vascularis. It is reducing the formation of free radicals as otoprotective strategies by maintaining glutathione levels and antioxidant activity. Kenpaullone provided significant protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity when delivered by tran tympanic injection in zebrafish, mice, and rats. Kenpaullone has proven to directly inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and Glycogen synthesis kinase-3, thereby attenuating cisplatin-induced mitochondrial ROS production caspase 3/7-mediated cell death. Cisplatin can cause ototoxicity in the manifestation of hearing loss; thus, an otoprotector is needed to prevent this side effect. Kenpaullone is a CDK2 inhibitor and GSK-3 inhibitor that can reduce damage to outer hair cells induced by cisplatin to prevent ototoxic hearing loss.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that various literature studies show that kenpaullone (CDK2 Inhibitor and GSK-3? Inhibitor) can be used as an autoprotective agent in cisplatin-based chemotherapy patients. Latar Belakang: Keganasan merupakan salah satu penyakit yang memiliki jumlah pasien terbanyak, hampir seluruh negara di dunia memiliki jumlah penderita penyakit tersebut. Kemoterapi berbasis cisplatin telah lama menjadi baku emas untuk terapi pada beberapa keganasan jaringan lunak. Selain memberikan banyak keuntungan, cisplatin juga menimbulkan efek samping yang berat seperti nefrotoksik, neurotoksik, dan ototoksik. Studi tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk meninjau secara teoritis peran kenpaullone (CDK2 Inhibitor dan GSK-3? Inhibitor) sebagai agen otoprotektif pada pasien kemoterapi berbasis cisplatin.Metode: Dalam penulisan ini digunakan metode tinjauan pustaka. Sumber bacaan berasal jurnal-jurnal dan buku-buku yang relevan dan sesuai dari PubMed maupun Google Scholar.Hasil: Diduga bahwa cisplatin secara selektif merusak bagian sel luar disertai organ korti, sel ganglia spiral, dan sel dengan stria vaskularis. Strategi otoprotektif termasuk menurunkan pembentukan radikal bebas dengan menjaga level gluthione dan aktivitas antioksidan. Kenpaullone memberikan efek protektif signifikan terhadap ototoksisitas akibat terapi cisplatin ketika dinjeksikan secara transtimpani pada ikan zebra, dan tikus. Kenpaullone terbukti secara langsung menginhibisi Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK-2) dan Glycogen Synthesis Kinase-3 (GSK-3), menurukan produksi ROS mitokondria yang diinduksi oleh cisplatin serta caspase 3/7 yang memediasi kematian sel. Sehingga hal tersebut dapat mencegah terjadinya gangguan pendengaran akibat ototoksik.Kesimpulan: Hasil tinjauan pustaka ini menunjukkan bahwa berbagai studi literatur menunjukkan bahwa kenpaullone (CDK2 Inhibitor dan GSK-3? Inhibitor) dapat dipergunakan sebagai agen otoprotektif pada pasien kemoterapi berbasis cisplatin.
Background: To investigate prevalence and perception of dysphagia in Denpasar City. The causes of dysphagia in the elderly include changes in the function and structure of the organs involved in the swallowing process, which are multifactorial. Dysphagia does affect not only the health aspect of the sufferer but also the social and economic aspects, especially in the elderly population. This study aims to determine the prevalence and perception of dysphagia in the elderly in Denpasar City. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that obtains data from the public health center in Denpasar City. Dysphagia was detected using the Swallowing Disturbances Questionaire (SDQ) and perception of dysphagia was obtained using direct questions. Data Latar Belakang: Disfagia diartikan sebagai gangguan menelan saliva, makanan padat dan cair, termasuk obat-obatan. Penyebab disfagia pada lansia diantaranya adalah perubahan fungsi dan struktur organ yang terlibat dalam proses menelan yang bersifat multifaktorial. Disfagia tidak hanya mempengaruhi aspek kesehatan penderitanya, namun juga aspek sosial dan ekonominya terutama pada populasi lanjut usia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan persepsi disfagia pada lanjut usia di Kota Denpasar. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian deskriptif potong lintang dengan mengambil data di puskesmas-puskesmas kota Denpasar menggunakan kuisioner. Disfagia dideteksi were analyzed using SPSS version 21 for Windows. Results: 102 samples were obtained, with the most gender being female (61.75%), and the age group was 60-69 years old (68.63%). A total of 11.76% of the sample stated that they had swallowing difficulties, while based on SDQ 10.78% had dysphagia. The most common comorbidities in the dysphagia group were head and neck malignancy (27.7%) and hypertension (27.7%), while in the non-dysphagic group were joint and skeletal disorders (34.09%). Conclusion:The prevalence of dysphagia in the elderly in Denpasar City is quite high, 10.78% based on SDQ and 11.76% based on the direct question. This requires special attention to overcome or prevent problems that may arise from dysphagia in the elderly.menggunakan Swallowing Disturbances Questionnaire (SDQ) sedangkan persepsi disfagia didapatkan dengan pertanyaan langsung. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS versi 21 untuk Windoes Hasil: Didapatkan sampel sebanyak 102 orang, dengan jenis kelamin terbanyak adalah perempuan (61,75%) dan rentang usia 60-69 tahun (68,63%). Sebanyak 11,76% menyatakan mengalami gangguan menelan, sedangkan berdasarkan SDQ didapatkan 10,78% mengalami disfagia. Penyakit penyerta terbanyak pada kelompok disfagia adalah keganasan kepala leher (27,27%) dan hipertensi (27,27%). Sedangkan pada kelompok tidak disfagia adalah gangguan sendi dan tulang (34,09%).
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