A temperature-limited diode in a bridge circuit is used to measure true r.m.s. voltage. The nominal voltage is at the zero position of a centre-zero meter and voltage variations are indicated by deflexions to the left or right. Long-term stability is to & 0.2% of the nominal voltage and short-term variations of 0.1 % may be detected. The effect of changes in ambient temperature is negligible. A typical instrument for the 230 V mains has a range of 21 5-245 V and consumes 10 W. PATCHETT, G. N.
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