Groundwater under Basement Complex areas of southern Kebbi has been characterized in order to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation use. Water samples were drawn from shallow groundwater (hand-dug shallow wells < 5 m) and deep groundwater (boreholes > 40 m). Physical parameters (i.e., temperature, TDS, pH, and EC), were determined in situ, using handheld meters. Discrete water samples were obtained for determination of chemical parameters. Results from severalsample ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test) suggested that heterogeneity in water table appeared to exert significant influence on groundwater chemistry which is characterized by a significant difference in pH, EC TH, Na + , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , PO 4 3− , Cl − , HCO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and NO 3 − concentrations. Also, ions including Fe 3+ , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , PO 4 3− , and SO 4 2− are above World Health Organization (2011) and National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (2007) reference guidelines. Most of the groundwater sources are moderately hard. Groundwater classification based on chloride, EC, and TDS revealed water of excellent quality for all types of uses. However, groundwater classification based on nitrate pollution revealed water of poor quality. Rock mineral is the major mechanism controlling water chemistry, as revealed by the Gibbs model. Most of the water sources have positive Scholler index, indicative of overall base exchange reactions in the underlying aquifers. Such condition was well explained by Piper trilinear diagram, which revealed two types of faces: Ca-Mg-HCO 3 and Ca-Mg-SO 4-Cl. The HCA categorized wells into three groups according to their hydrogeochemical physiognomies. Despite the significant difference in ions concentration and chemical indices, groundwater composition is more influenced by rock weathering than anthropogenic inputs. Groundwater evaluation for irrigation use indicates a significant difference in SAR level which is related to poor permeability index in shallow groundwater. Higher values of Kelly's index and magnesium adsorption ratio threatened groundwater suitability for irrigation use in the study area.

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Investigation into water utilization and its determinants in the rural areas is salient to a resultoriented management of this resource. Thus, a research was conducted to assess the pattern of domestic water uses and its determinant in the rural areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was applied to select 124 villages from 25 out of the 33 LGAs in Oyo State, Nigeria with 5 villages from each. Ten structured questionnaire were administered in each of the selected villages, giving a total of 1240 across the study area to generate data. The study revealed that water consumtion per head in the study area ranges between 15 litres/day in Shaki East and 31.7 litres/day in Oyo East LGA and that the dominant water consumption is absolutely domestic indicating that the study area is non-industrialized. Also, multivariate analysis conducted showed that 11 factors were determinants of domestic water consumption in the study area. These are water storage, cost of water, household size, water use for bathing, availability of alternative sources, location, reliability and accessibility of the source, distance, age of the respondent and gender composition. Multiple regression analysis of R 2 =35.0 for Oyo State indicated that each LGA should be treated individually when seeking solutions to water-related problems in the State. The study recommended detail survey on what determines water use in each LGA for a result-oriented water management. Effort is required of relevant agencies to embark on infrastructural and agricultural development in the area to boost water use.

Over the years, Osun drainage basin has witnessed tremendous increase in population, and urbanization that have changed the landscape of the area. This study evaluated the spatio-temporal pattern of land use/land cover change (LULC) in the study area, and made hydrological inferences. Landsat imageries were acquired from USGS-EROS satellite image database for the period 1984, 2000 and 2015, while the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was obtained from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA). Supervised image classification using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm in Erdas Imagine was adopted to classified the land use/land cover of the study area into seven classes. Elevation, aspect and slope of the study area were processed from DEM using ArcGIS. Modules for Land Use Change Evaluation (MOLUSCE) plugin in QGIS was used to simulate the basin future LULC change, using change driving factors of population, elevation, aspect and slope of the study area. There was about 234% increase in built up areas and 89.22% in crop/shrubs between 1984 and 2015. The most significant decrease in LULC occurred in forest (58.75%) and wetland (84.69%) during this period. The predicted future LULC change suggests that only about 12% of the basin will remain under forest cover by the year 2046. The results underscored the increasing anthropogenic activities in the basin that influenced recharge rate, surface runoff, incidences of soil erosion, etc., in Osun drainage basin. The planting of the lost native trees was recommended for the sustainability of the basin’s ecosystem.