Whilst both plastic production and inputs at sea have increased since the 1950s, several modelling studies predict a further increase in the coming years in these respective quantities. We compiled scientific literature on trends in marine litter, consisting largely of plastic and microplastics in the ocean, understanding that monitoring programs or assessments for these aspects are varied, frequently focusing on limited components of the marine environment in different locations, and covering a wide spectrum of marine litter types, with limited standardization. Here we discuss how trends in the amounts of litter in the marine environment can be compared with the information provided by models. Increasing amounts of plastic are found in some regions, especially in remote areas, but many repeated surveys and monitoring efforts have failed to demonstrate any consistent real temporal trend. An observed steady state situation of plastic quantities in many marine compartments and the fate and transport of plastic in the marine environment remain areas for much needed further research.
X-ray-diffraction study of CsI was performed along the room-temperature isotherm up to pressure of 52 CxPa by using a diamond-anvil cell and compressed helium as a pressure medium. It turned out that the equation-of-state data obtained differ from the results of previous nonhydrostatic measurements, with the latter overestimating the pressure. The phase diagram of CsI is found to be sensitive to the hydrostaticity of a pressure transmitting medium as well. The experimental data suggest that the cubic phase of CsI transforms directly into the orthorhombic one under hydrostatic conditions.
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