Purpose. To develop a method for reducing the impact of fires in unsheltered timber warehouses on the environmental safety by reducing the duration of free burning of timber, the speed of fire front spread, emissions of combustion products and the duration of the firefighting. Methodology. During the experimental research, the method of fractional factor experiment was used. Theoretical research was performed using optimization mathematical models. The Monte Carlo method is used to solve optimization problems. To implement this method, block diagrams of algorithms was developed, based on written corresponded computer programs. Findings. The method was developed for reducing the impact of fires in unsheltered timber warehouses on the environmental safety by reducing the duration of free development of the fire, the speed of fire front spread, the concentration of combustion products and the duration of the fire. Fire prevention measures to reduce the duration of fire and to reduce emissions of combustion products due to fires in unsheltered timber warehouses was implemented by using an automated system to determine the fire extinguishing means and forces by setting an optimization problem, applying the Monte Carlo method and developing software to solve it. Originality. The scientific novelty is the justification of ways to reduce the duration of the free development of fire and to reduce the amount of toxic emissions using optimization mathematical models. Practical value. It is possible to use the obtained results in the practical activities of fire and rescue units of the SES of Ukraine and provide environmental safety in case of fire in unsheltered timber warehouse due to the practical implementation of administrative, legal and economic methods.
*Кафедра екологічної безпеки Львівський державний університет безпеки життєдіяльності вул. Клепарівська, 35, м. Львів, Україна, 79000 Досліджено адсорбцію Sr-90 та Cs-137 в присутності іонів кобальту та манганупродуктів корозії обладнання. Сорбентами виступали бентонітові глини, модифіковані фероціанідами та гідроксидами перехідних металів. Встановлено, що їх присутність практично не впливає на сорбцію цезію, а сорбція стронцію інгібується на 5-10 % Ключові слова: радіоактивні відходи, адсорбція, цезій, стронцій, кобальт, манган, модифіковані глини, бентоніт Исследована адсорбция Sr-90 та Cs-137 в присутствии ионов кобальта и мангана-продуктов коррозии оборудования. Сорбентами выступали бентонитовые глины, модифицированные ферроцианидами и гидроксидами переходных металлов. Установлено, что их присутствие практически не влияет на сорбцию цезия, а сорбция стронция ингибируется на 5-10 % Ключевые слова: радиоактивные отходы, адсорбция, цезий, стронций, кобальт, марганец, модифицированные глины, бентонит
In order to reduce the number of emergencies and losses from their occurrence on the basis of forecasting, it is possible to develop and implement appropriate measures in advance that would prevent their occurrence. But at the present stage there is no such methodology that would allow forecasting of emergencies in cities, including fires. Therefore, to solve this problem, the task is to develop developed methodologies for predicting emergencies in cities, including fires. The goal of the work. Develop a methodology for determining the risk of emergencies in the city. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks should be solved: 1) zoning the city area with consideration of potentially dangerous objects, high-risk objects and objects of strategic importance for the economy and security of the state; 2) to identify areas with appropriate degrees of risk of emergencies; 3) develop a methodology for determining the risk of emergencies; 4) to develop appropriate measures to eliminate possible emergencies at the facilities. To solve these problems, they used, as an example, a map of the location of objects of the Lviv Railway District. The total area of the district is 29.64 km2. The total area was divided into 25 squares, each 1.1856 km2. These squares include potentially dangerous objects, high risk objects, and objects that are of strategic importance for the economy and security of the state. Analyzing the risks of emergencies at the facilities in the railway districts of Lviv, it was found that these medium- and high-risk facilities occupy approximately 52% of the total area of the territory. A similar situation occurs in other areas of Lviv. The results of the analysis for other cities of Ukraine showed that, for example, for the cities of Dnipro and Mariupol, these risks for economic entities by city area are approximately 50… 65%. A methodology for determining the risk of emergencies at city facilities has been developed, based on the provisions of theories of probability and reliability for failure of elements of operation of city objects that can lead to emergencies, as well as appropriate measures to eliminate possible emergencies in the city. economic acts. Conclusions and specific suggestions: A methodology for determining the risks of emergencies at business entities has been developed, which makes it possible to perform the forecast of emergencies and to take appropriate measures to prevent them. To determine the risks of emergencies, we propose a method for establishing the law of distribution of failures of structural elements of an object that pose a threat to its occurrence. Such distribution laws include exponential, Weibull, Rayleigh and normal. The methodology developed needs to be further refined in order to implement and use it on the basis of information technologies, which will allow to take all necessary measures in an operational mode to ensure the elimination of possible emergencies in the facilities.
Formulation of the problem. For the cities of Ukraine, the problem of preventing the occurrence of fires and minimizing their consequences is of particular importance. Reducing the number of fires and losses from them requires an improved system approach that will ensure the interaction of all interested bodies and organizations to solve the problem. Proceeding from the above we can state that there is a problem for the cities of Ukraine that the main directions of reducing the risks of fires on the objects of the city are developed. The goal of the work. To develop a methodology for reducing the risks of fire on the relevant objects of protection and minimizing their consequences in the event of a fire (damage to the objects from the fire and expenses of fire and rescue units for its elimination). Setting tasks and their solutions. According to statistical indicators of the state of fires in Ukraine, for example, in 2017, the main causes of the fires are: 1) arson; 2) malfunction of production equipment; 3) violation of the rules of fire safety in the installation and operation of electrical installations; 4) violation of the rules of fire safety in the installation and operation of heat-generating units and installations; 5) careless handling of the fire; 6) the wisdom of children with fire; 7) other reasons. The largest number of fires occurred in the residential sector, accounting for 73.8%. The main cause of these fires (up to 71.2%) is the careless handling of fire. Therefore, the main tasks to be solved and related to reducing the risks of fire on the relevant security objects will be as follows: Determine the effect of the fire risk value associated with the risk of fire, on the duration of free burning during the fire. Determine the direct damage from the fire for the object, depending on the duration of free burning. Determine the expenses of the fire and rescue units that are associated with the elimination of the fire. Determine the effect of the fire risk value on the total fire damage. Develop a methodology for reducing the risks of fire on objects of protection. Determination of the risk of a fire is performed on the basis of the statistics of the fire of the State DPSU of Ukraine in the Lviv region (information form F-701 as of December 31, 2017). The total number of fires on the objects of the Lviv region Nn = 3137, and No = 474521 - the total number of objects for the Unified State Register of Deputies of Ukraine, located on the area of the region (data of the Main Directorate of Statistics in the Lviv region). Then εо = 0,00661. After processing the obtained results by the method of mathematical statistics, dependence was obtained for determining the duration of free burning depending on the fire risk. To determine the direct damage from the fire for the object of protection, depending on the duration of free burning, we will use the dependence, where Co is the average cost per square meter of the area of the fire protection object, UAH / m2; SP - area of the object destroyed by a fire, m2. Determine the expenses of the Bf of the fire and rescue units, where Cn - the average cost of one minute of the operation of the PRP during the firefighting process during the time τz.p.p, UAH / min. The main directions were devised to develop the main measures to reduce the "risks of fire" at the protection objects. Conclusions and specific suggestions: Influence of the fire risk, which is connected with the risk of fire, on the duration of free burning during a fire is established, which makes it possible to carry out the analysis and predict the impact of the risk of a fire on the total fire damage and reduce the value of this risk. The work shows that the duration of the free development of a fire has a linear dependence on the fire risk within its classification. 3. It is shown that the area of the fire in the process of its localization increases and it is necessary to take into account when it is determined during the time of free development of the fire.
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