Kernel Miner is a new data-mining tool based on building the optimal decision forest. The tool won second place in the KDD99 Classifier Learning Contest, August 1999. We describe the Kernel Miner's approach and method used for solving the contest task. The received results are analyzed and explained.Kernel Miner is a data-mining tool for the description, classification and generalization of data, and for predicting the new cases. Kernel Miner is a fully automated tool that provides solutions to database users. Although Kernel Miner applies a system of sophisticated mathematical models and algorithms, it is extremely simple for users. The tool has been developed for Windows 95/98/NT and works with different databases such as dBase, MS Access, SQL Server, Oracle, etc. directly or through ODBC or OLEDB. GENERAL MODEL AND ALGORITHMKernel Miner is based upon the global optimization model developed. This global model is then decomposed into a system of interrelated, intereoordinated and interconsistent models and criteria. As a result, Kernel Miner constructs the set of locally optimal decision trees (the decision forest) from which it selects the optimal subset of trees (the subforest) used for predicting the new cages.The predictive modeling technique is based on sophisticated methods for reduction of individual prediction results received from individual classification trees. This enables us to calculate the value of the global optimization criterion for any subset of trees.The global optimization criterion is to minimize a value of the multiple estimator including the total cost of misclassifications, and taking into account parameters of reliability and stability for prediction. Here the notion of stability is analogous to the corresponding concept applied in the mathematical programming theory. Taking into account the parameters of reliability and stability for prediction enables us to avoid the overfitting problem.Each constructed decision tree "covers" all the examples of the training data set. It is optimal in the sense of minimizing the above criterion given the initial "good" partition. To find the set of such partitions, a special optimization task is solved on the set of two-and three-dimensional contingency tables, where the last dimension is the dependent variable. Note that, in particular, the "good" partition can be defined by the found function of two independent numeric variables, so that the discretization of values of this fimction separates the values (classes) of the dependent variable "well". The notion of a "good" (and the best) splitting is used at different stages of the algorithm and is based upon a proprietary measure. The number of classification trees to be built is equal to the number of found initial "good" partitions. Although each decision tree is built optimal, we call it locally optimal because it is generally not unique element of the final optimal decision subforest. In particular (in the simplest cases), the optimal subforest may consist of one tree. T A S KThe task for the KDD99...
Colonoscopy in nonagenarians is a safe procedure; however, it carries a significantly higher failure rate. Functional decline was found to be a significant predictive factor for failed colonoscopy.
The favorable implications of massive dose arsenotherapy of early syphilis in adults by the intravenous drip method focused our attention on the possibility of employing such a method in the treatment of congenital and acquired syphilis in infants and children.The following report is presented to record the results of treatment of 36 infants and children, 32 of whom had congenital syphilis and 4 acquired syphilis, the study extending from August 1940 to the present date. We have attempted to evaluate the efficacy, optimal dosage, technic and toxicologic effects of five day intravenous drip mapharsen therapy. The spirochetosis of congenital syphilis with its widespread changes presents a far more complex problem than the early syphilis of adults. The nutritional and developmental status of the infant has been profoundly altered; growth and metabolism are retarded. Neonatal syphilis calls for, first, exacting pediatric care to save life and, second, antisyphilitic treatment. PLAN OF STUDYThe status of the serologic reaction of the blood and of the liver, kidneys, bones and hemopoietic sys¬ tem was studied immediately before, during and after treatment.Preliminary laboratory studies included roentgenograms of the long bones, the standard and quantitative Kahn tests, the Kolmer complement fixa¬ tion test, complete blood counts including a platelet count, urinalyses including a determination of urobilinogen excretion, and blood chemistry determinations including those of the nonprotein nitrogen, total serum protein, serum albumin and globulin, icteric index, calcium, phosphorus and ascorbic acid. During treat¬ ment blood counts and urinalyses were done.On the day after the completion of the mapharsen venoclysis all laboratory determinations performed before treatment were repeated. During the remainder of the child's stay in the hospital quantitative Kahn tests were performed weekly and urinalyses, blood counts and blood chemistry determinations as indicated. Following discharge from the hospital all patients returned monthly to our outpatient clinic for further sérologie study, clinical observation and infant and child welfare guidance. Roentgen studies were repeated every three months. TREATMENTPreparatory.-Before we proceeded with the insti¬ tution of intravenous arsenotherapy the physical and nutritional status of the infant or child was carefully studied. Extremely debilitated infants observed in the neonatal period and those seen in the first half year of life with evident syphilis of the skin, viscera or bones were never placed on specific therapy until their ability to take food and maintain themselves was proved. During this period they were given a pre¬ liminary course of mercurial inunctions (1 Gm. of 10 per cent ointment) three times a week for a period of two or more weeks, until they gave satisfactory evidence of a favorable response as shown by a gain in weight and improved clinical appearance. Infants with severe anemia were given citrated blood trans¬ fusions from our blood bank in the amount of 10 cc...
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