Modern methods of irrigation are considered as a key factor in the intensification of technologies for growing of grain corn. The productivity of the crop as a result of the optimization of water and nutrient regimes increases from 100 to 380% in comparison with non-irrigated conditions. The aim of the research was to study the effect of sprinkling, drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation on growth processes, the structure of the crop formation and the yield of grain corn. Field experimental studies were conducted on the lands of Kamyans'ko-Dnieprovs'ka research station IWPLM of NAAS during 2018-2020The obtained results confirm that the method of irrigation significantly affects the formation of basic biometric parameters, yield structure and productivity. It is established that the maximum parameters of growth processes (plant height, leaf surface area, as well as photosynthetic potential and net photosynthesis productivity) of corn are provided by drip irrigation. Significantly lower and similar values were determined for the conditions of subsurface drip irrigation and sprinkling, and the lowest parameters of corn productivity were obtained under natural moisture conditions. The highest yield of corn grain was obtained under drip irrigation – 20,69 t on ha, while under subsurface laying of irrigation pipelines it was significantly lower – 16,44 t on ha. In the variant with sprinkling, the decrease in grain yield by 0,62 t on ha compared to subsurface drip irrigation was within the least significant difference of the experiment (LSDА0,5 = 1,93). On the variant of conditional control (without irrigation), on average, for three years, a low yield level was obtained - only 3,85 t on ha, which confirms the significant risks and inexpediency of this crop in the Steppe conditions without irrigation. The results also confirm the existence of a close correlation between corn yield and leaf surface area of plants. The obtained dependence is described by a linear equation of the form y = 0,6227x – 14,133, and the coefficient of determination is R2 = 0,98.
Goal.To make an assessment and to determine the effectiveness of different irrigation methods for growing soybeans and corn, which are based on economic and energy parameters. Methods. Short-term field experiment, analytical and statistical methods of experimental data processing. Results. It is confirmed that the use of irrigation in crop production is a highly effective measure of its intensification and provides high economic and energy parameters. Thus, at growing soybeans and corn the highest conditional net profit was received for drip irrigation -37.88 and 73.85 thousand UAH/ha. The level of profitability made 59.5 and 94.2%, and the lowest cost of production made 10.85 and 3, 78 thousand UAH/t respectively. Economic indicators for subsoil drip irrigation and sprinkling were close in values: conditional net income of soybeans -19.45 and 18.07 thousand UAH/ha, corn -53.65 and 54.51 thousand UAH/ha, the level of profitability -37, 3 and 36.3% and 80.2 and 88.7%, the cost of production -12.60 and 12.69 thousand UAH/t and 4.07 and 3.88 thousand UAH/t for growing soybeans and corn, respectively. Irrigation increased the energy intensity of soybean and corn cultivation technology by 2.8 and 2.1 times -to 59.6 and 79.6 GJ/ha and 109.2 and 117.5 GJ/ha, respectively. Without irrigation, the costs of soybean production were in the range of 23.6 GJ/ha, corn -53.6 GJ/ha. Conclusions. The maximum efficiency of soybean and corn cultivation was at the use of drip irrigation. The lower and close in values indicators of economic and energy efficiency of cultivation were fixed for the conditions of subsoil drip irrigation and sprinkling. The lowest efficiency of soybean and corn cultivation was obtained in the conditions of natural moisture, which confirms the significant risks and inexpediency of growing these crops in the Steppe without additional artificial moisture.
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state, reasonably promising directions for the development of microirrigation methods in Ukraine through the prism of climatic transformations. The dynamics of the areas of agricultural crops irrigated using microirrigation methods in the world and in Ukraine, as well as the structure of the areas of micro-irrigation in the context of regions of Ukraine and types of crops are shown. The largest agricultural enterprises, which are domestic leaders in the introduction of microirrigation methods, equipment manufacturers and suppliers of technical means of microirrigation, have been identified. The current stage of development of microirrigation in Ukraine is defined as a level of high understanding of technologies of its application and constantly growing use of opportunities and expansion of spheres of application of these methods of irrigation. The essential importance of domestic research institutions in the development and popularization of microirrigation methods is emphasized. With the use of theoretical methods of scientific research (analysis and synthesis, comparison, classification and generalization), the most significant scientific results of IWPaLM NAAS are systematized and a list of prepared regulatory and methodological documents in the direction of microirrigation is given. The need of Ukraine in microirrigation systems for agricultural crops for the period up to 2030 is given, trends and promising directions for the development of microirrigation methods that correspond to both the global trend of environmentally friendly irrigation and the principles of resource and energy conservation are given. The importance of state support for the introduction of microirrigation methods in terms of increasing the amount of budgetary allocations under the existing programs of state support for the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy is determined.
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