Background: By 2050, the world will need to feed an additional 2 billion people and require 70% more meat and milk. The increasing future demand for livestock products, driven by increases in income, population, and urbanization will impose a huge demand on feed resources. A huge quantity of fruit and vegetable wastes and byproducts from the fruit and vegetable processing industry are available throughout the world that encourages to using it as a new source feeds in animal ration formulation. Methods: Twenty-eight male growing Ossimi lambs used to study the impact of inclusion dried pomegranate peels (DPP) on productive performance and economic efficiency. In nutritional and chemical evaluation conducted, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, polyphenolic, and fatty acid compositions were determined. Experimental lambs were allocated to one of four complete feed mixture (CFM) containing 0, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00% DPP for (CFM 1 , CFM 2 , CFM 3 , and CFM 4), respectively throughout the feeding period that continuous for 119 days. Twenty-eight lambs with aged 5-6 months with initial weight of 22.875 ± 0.38 kg were divided into four equal groups, each of 7 lambs and fed one of the four iso-nitrogenous that contains 17.1% CP and iso-energetic that contained 2.76% of ether extract (EE) and gross energy (GE) ranged from 4212 to 4214 kcal/kg DM.
Background: Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) is a technique that utilizes the ability of the spermatozoa to take up exogenous DNA. Growth hormone is anabolic hormone that plays an important role in muscle-building process and milk production in all animals. High blood concentration of growth hormones (GH) was observed for animals that were genetically selected for high milk production or for low carcass fatness levels. The present study aimed to investigate and enhance the capacity of ovine spermatozoa to uptake exogenous growth hormone cDNA and its impact on sperm motility. The current study is an introduction for further future studies to produce transgenic Egyptian sheep characterized with high productive performance. Methods: The growth hormone cDNA sequence was extracted from pituitary gland of Egyptian × Holstein (EH_ GH) cattle and subcloned into the pmKate2-N vector to construct the EH_GH-pmKate2-N expression vector. The complete sequence of EH_GH mRNA was registered in GenBank (AC: KP221576). A total of three groups were assessed for the sperm uptake experiment, namely, negative control, positive control, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) groups; all treated groups were incubated with the EH_GH-pmKate2-N vector. The expression of EH_GH protein was detected in DH10B cells using a fluorescence microscope and the SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: The EH_GH-pmKate2-N vector was expressed in cultured Escherichia coli cells, and the molecular weight of EH_GH protein was 24,558 Da. The EH_GH-pmKate2-N vector was introduced efficiently into the heads of the spermatozoa in the DMSO and positive control groups. Incubation of the spermatozoa with the vector caused a significant reduction in progressive motility compared to the negative control. Conclusion: The present results demonstrated the ability of ovine spermatozoa to take up the exogenous vector without notable deleterious effects on sperm motility. In subsequent studies, the successful introduction of the exogenous GH expression vector into the sperm head allows for the production of GH-transgenic sheep characterized by a high growth rate in order to reduce the meat shortage in Egypt.
This study aims to produce transgenic ovine spermatozoa bearing Ossimi sheep growth hormone (Os_GH) cDNA using different methods. The complete coding sequence of Os_GH has been registered in GenBank accession no. KP221575. The sequence of Os_GH cDNA has been subcloned into pmkate2-N expression vectors to construct Os_GH-pmKate2-N vector. Five groups of sperm uptake were submitted. All groups were incubated at 37 °C for 1 h: Control (sperm cells were incubated without vector), Traditional incubation (sperm cells were incubated with vector), Heat shock (sperm cells were incubated with vector at 4 °C for 20 min and heated for 2 min at 42 °C), Heat shock + Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (sperm cells were incubated with vector and supplemented with 3% of DMSO and then submitted to heat shock regime) and DMSO (sperm cells were incubated with vector and supplemented with 3% DMSO). The sperm genomic DNA in groups was extracted. The Os_GH-pmKate2-N vector was introduced efficiently into the head of sperm cells in all treated groups. Adding DMSO either with or without heat shock increased the sperm uptake. The progressive motility was reduced (P < 0.05) by 29.9% in heat shock group compared to the control. Adding DMSO improved (P < 0.05) the total and progressive motilities by 8.2% and 19.8%, respectively in heat shock group compared to the heat shock group without DMSO. The results documented the ability of ovine spermatozoa to uptake the exogenous vector. Also, sperm incubation with 3% DMSO is the best method to introduce the exogenous vector into spermatozoa without notable adverse effects on sperm motilities.
Twenty-one male growing lambs aged 6 months with an average weight 27.6 +/- 0.24 kg were used to determine the effects of partial replacing yellow corn with potato processing waste (PPW) on performance of Ossimi lambs. Animals divided into three equal groups and assigned for control and two experimental diets containing PPW which was replaced from yellow corn at 0% PPW (R(1)), 25% PPW (R(2)), and 50% PPW (R(3)). The results showed that tested rations were almost isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on feed intake, while water intake insignificantly decreased. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein significantly (P < 0.05) improved. However, dietary treatment had no significant effect on crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract digestibilities. Values of total digestible nutrient and digestible crude protein significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Nitrogen retention was positive for all groups. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on ruminal pH but insignificantly decreased ammonia nitrogen (NH(3)-N) concentrations. However, total volatile fatty acid concentration was increased. Dietary treatments increased molar proportion of volatile fatty acids. Final weight, body weight gain, and average daily gain were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while feed conversion ratio insignificantly decreased. Inclusion of PPW decreased total daily feeding costs of experimental rations. PPW could be used as a source of energy in lamb rations instead of corn grain. Also, PPW can be successfully fed to lamb without any adverse effect on their performance, and it can be an economical substitute for grain.
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