Borneo ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) is a tall tropical tree that is threatened by illegal logging and exploitation due to its economic value. In the present study, approximately 10,618 bp of E. zwageri chloroplast DNA were sequenced genome-wide and 16 polymorphic markers of chloroplast DNA were developed, using next-generation sequencing technology. In total, 26 nucleotide substitutions, 3 indels, 1 sequence inversion, and 1 mononucleotide repeat variation were detected in samples of 10 trees collected from 5 populations in Kalimantan, Indonesia. These markers are a powerful tool that may be used to describe the phylogeographical genetic structure of E. zwageri and will be essential for the conservation and management of this endangered tree.
The aims of this study were to assess genetic diversity within populations and genetic relationship among populations of C. inophyllum. Leaf samples as template DNA were collected from 10 natural populations and 1 plantation. Five random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers consisted 30 loci were conducted to genetic analysis. Results showed genetic diversity within populations were in low to moderate level (mean H E =0.186). There is no private allele in any populations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic differentiation among Islands was insignificant; but the differentiation was siginificant among populations and individual trees. Genetic distance among populations was in low to moderate level (mean Da=0.250). Cluster analysis clearly divided the 11 populations into 2 clusters; cluster I consisted Selayar, Lombok, Gunung Kidul and Padang populations; cluster II consisted Way Kambas, Madura, Ketapang, Dompu, and Yapen populations. The genetic relationships did not associate with their geographical locations. In conclusion, genetic diversity and genetic relationship among populations of C. inophyllum was in moderate level.
Calliandra calothyrsus was introduced to Indonesia from Guatemala in 1930s and had been planted widely throughout Indonesia for fuel wood. Genetic diversity within and among population is an important factor for initiating breeding program. Aim in this study was to evaluate genetic structure of C. calothyrsus in Indonesia, to obtain a better understanding of the history of the distribution and efficiency of breeding strategy of this species. Leaf samples were collected in a seedling seed orchard plot from 10 populations. Six RAPD markers consisted of 34 loci were used to analyze genetic diversity and genetic structure. The results showed that genetic diversity was in low to moderate level (mean HE= 0.321). The AMOVA analysis showed that genetic differentiation among geographical sources was significant, also among populations within geographical sources and among individual within populations as well. It was revealed that the 10 populations originated from only two ancestors. The limited number of ancestors resulted low to moderate genetic distances among populations (mean Da=0.070). In conclusion, C. calothyrsus has moderate genetic diversity within population and weak genetic structure among populations. Genetic diversity in population/individual level should be considered as a selection unit in the breeding strategies.
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