Purpose. To analyze the impact of the knowledge component on the level of global competitiveness of the world. Methodology. The methodological basis of the article is the methods and forms of scientific knowledge adopted in domestic science, such as system approaches, comparative and synthesis methods, methods of abstract logical evaluation, methods of detailing, groupings and generalizations, experts evaluations; dynamics series, logic analysis, paired and multiple correlation techniques. Moreover, the Google Trends search engine was used, since the use of this search tool allowed drawing the following conclusions: searches for both concepts in the world and in Ukraine are substantially different: both concepts in the global space, particularly in countries with a high level of competitiveness, are hardly in demand. Findings. Knowledge as an economic category and practical skill permeates all spheres of human life. Currently, knowledge formation is concentrated within TNCs localized in the developed countries of the world (the USA, Singapore, the EU countries, Japan, and others), which is confirmed by the level of competitiveness of the economy of these countries and high ranking of the knowledge component in it. In the overall rating of competitiveness of the influence of the components of the knowledge economy, Ukraine ranks below average, while science now barely crosses the threshold of performing a sociocultural function and begins to perform a cognitive one. Originality. Globalization processes and technological revolution of recent decades have transformed knowledge and intellectual capital into key drivers of competitiveness in the world. We have formed and studied groups of subjective (regional and state policy, which determines the quality of economic and financial processes, as well as the management of the public sector) and objective (geographic, natural and climatic conditions, the degree of sufficiency in raw materials, infrastructure, and others) factors affecting competitiveness of countries. According to the research results, the use of this approach allows for continuous monitoring of the competitiveness level of social and economic indicators in order to identify and eliminate bottlenecks in various levels of state management. Practical value. The authors approach suggested is recommended to be used by scientific institutes, universities, government bodies and services for monitoring socio-economic indicators included in the groups of objective and subjective factors in order to form a holistic understanding and systematic analysis of the influence of the competitiveness of the knowledge component on different aspects of the countrys social and economic life.
Abstract. The studydeals with determining the status of central banks and their formal independence in the context of the index approach. The authors argue that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and the level of independence of central banks. It turned out that the expansion of powers of the central bank based on the GMT-index shows a lower level of independence. The authors conducted a quantitative study of the elements of the index of independence of central banks. The peculiarities of formulating the central bank's mandate, procedures for agreeing goals, appointing management and duration of its stay in an office, ability to choose and apply monetary instruments, procedures for covering operating costs of the central bank and transferring profits to the budget, correct interpretation of legislation are identified. The problems of the index approach are the interpretation of the central bank's mandate, the density of the relationship between indices and inflation rates, as well as the quantification of legislation. To eliminate the shortcomings of the basic index approach, alternative approaches are proposed, in particular, the index of constitutional independence, the TOR index and the index of political vulnerability of the management. Extrapolating the index approach for developed countries does not always work when the sampling expands to include emerging market countries. Particularlyin countries with weak institutions, the de facto independence of the central bank does not always correspond to the formal one. For example, in Ukraine, asserting the consistency of the relationship between the inflation rate and the level of formal independence is quite complicated. Particular attention is paid to the problem of opposition to the political and economic independence of the central bank. The originality of the article is due to the need to identify new challenges to the independence of monetary authorities due to macroeconomic and institutional factors that lead to imbalances between the status of central banks and the consolidation of monetary objectives (instruments) at the legislative level to achieve price stability. Keywords: central bank, economic independence, quality of institutes, GMT-index, political power. JEL Classification G21 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 19.
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