PurposeThyroidectomy causes postoperative pain and patient discomfort. Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block is a regional anesthesia technique that can provide analgesia during and after surgery. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of ultrasound (US)-guided versus landmark (LM) technique for bilateral superficial cervical plexus block in thyroidectomy.Patients and methodsThirty-six patients undergoing thyroidectomy were divided into two groups randomly (n=18); either US-guided (US group) or LM technique (LM group) for bilateral superficial cervical plexus block. Patient-controlled analgesia was used to control postoperative pain. Intraoperative opioid rescue, postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) score and opioid consumption were measured.ResultsThe number of patients who required intraoperative opioid rescue was significantly lower in the US group (p≤0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative VAS score at 3 hours (p>0.05), but postoperative VAS score at 6 and 24 hours was significantly lower in the US group (p≤0.05). Twenty-four hour postoperative opioid consumption was significantly lower in the US group (p≤0.05).ConclusionUltrasound-guided bilateral superficial cervical plexus block is more effective in reducing pain both intra- and postoperatively compared with landmark technique in patients undergoing thyroidectomy.
PurposeCesarean section is a surgical procedure. Surgical procedures will induce stress responses, which may have negative impact on postoperative recovery. Ketamine plays a role in the homeostatic regulation of inflammatory response in order to attenuate stress response. We tried to determine the effectiveness of low-dose intravenous ketamine to attenuate stress response in patients undergoing emergency cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.Patients and methodsThirty-six pregnant women undergoing emergency cesarean section with spinal anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups (n=18). Ketamine 0.3 mg/kg (KET group) or NaCl 0.9% (NS group) was administered intravenously before the administration of spinal anesthesia. C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil levels were measured preoperatively and postoperatively.ResultsElevation of CRP stress response was lower in the KET group and significantly different (P≤0.05) from that in the NS group. Neutrophil level was elevated in both the groups and hence not significantly different from each other (P>0.05). Postoperative visual analog scale pain score was not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05), but there was a statistically significant (P≤0.05) positive and weak correlation between visual analog scale and CRP level postoperatively.ConclusionLow-dose intravenous ketamine effectively attenuates the CRP stress response in patients undergoing emergency cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.
Laparoscopic surgery has several advantages compared to a regular surgical procedures. This technique can reduce the stress of surgery, reduce the need for postoperative analgesia, decreased respiratory and wound complications, lowering long hospitalization, including in the intensive therapy, and the patient can go back to eat quickly. The magnitude of changes in vital signs that occur will be influenced by the patient's age, cardiovascular function, and anesthetic agents are used.Physiological changes in pediatric laparoscopic surgery were similar to adults. Children have a higher vagal tone and sometimes a stimulus to the peritoneum by gas insufflation or laparoscopic penetration and trocar can lead to bradycardia and asystole. Intra-abdominal pressure is an important determinant for maintaining cardiovascular stability during laparoscopy. Adequate relaxation needed during the duration of the surgery.
Ketamine binds non-competitive against a phencyclidine receptors bound N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), a receptor that is involved in the pathophysiology of acute pain. Ketamine has been used as an intravenous anesthesia, analgesia for acute and chronic pain at a dose of subanaesthetic. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic produces a state with a characteristic strong analgesia, amnesia, and catalepsy. Dissociative components resulting from the effect on the limbic system and talamoneokortikal. Lowdose ketamine as known as analgesia dose ketamine or subanestesia dose is 0.2 to 0.75 mg / kg IV. At low doses, ketamine does not increase the effect psychomimetic like dissociation or deep sedation. The combination with midazolam provides satisfactory sedation, amnesia and analgesia without significant cardiovascular depression.
Background: Cesarean section causes moderate to severe pain in the first 48 hours postoperatively, thus requiring an adequate perioperative pain management, as of the mother can be quickly discharged and immediately can perform daily activities after surgery such as breastfeeding and nurse the baby. Objective: To determine the efficacy of subcutaneous morphine patient controlled analgesia (SC-PCA) in lowering VAS (visual analogue score), total morphine consumption and postoperative side effect of cesarean section compared with intravenous morphine patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA). Methods: This study is an experimental clinical trial using consecutive sampling technique. Sixty-four subjects were allocated into two groups of PCA morphine subcutaneously (SC-PCA) and the group PCA morphine intravenously (IV-PCA), each consisting of 32 subjects using permuted block randomization. Morphine concentration was 5 mg/ml (group SC-PCA) or the concentration of 1mg/ml (group IV-PCA). Both groups were then analyzed for VAS ratings, total morphine consumption, and adverse effects, postoperatively at 4th, 8th, and 24th hour. Statistic analysis using repeated ANOVA test and t-test with p <0.05 considered significant. Result: Morphine consumption in IV-PCA group showed lower than SC-PCA (9.41 mg vs 4,9mg) p <0.001 24 at 24 hours postoperatively. The resting VAS at 4th hours significantly lower in IV-PCA group (1.06 ± 0.71 vs 0.81 ± 1.40, p=0.029) and at 8th hours (1.03 ± 0.59 vs 0.94 ± 0,9, p=0.048). The moving VAS at 4th hours significant lower in IV-PCA group (2.31 ± 0.47 vs 1.45 ± 2.06, p=0.019) but the resting or moving VAS are not different clinically. Side effects of nausea and vomiting are more common in IV-PCA group. We conclude that SC-PCA provides analgesia more effective and decreases side effects in patients undergo cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.
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