The morphology of the tongue of the adult barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak, was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The result showed that the tongue of the barking deer was elongated with a rounded apex. Four types of lingual papillae were observed: filiform, fungiform, vallate and large conical papillae. The filiform papillae represented the most numerous types of lingual papillae. The fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform papillae on the rostral and the body portions of the tongue. Ten to thirteen vallate papillae were distributed on both sides of the lingual prominence among the large conical papillae. Histologically, both the fungiform and vallate papillae contain taste buds in the epithelial layer. The distribution and types of lingual papillae found in the barking deer are similar to those in the other species that belong to the family Cervidae.

The distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the babirusa were studied immunohistochemically using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Thirteen types of gut endocrine cells were detected; they were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), glucagon, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MENK8), motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Cells that were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin and glucagon were found in all portions of the gastrointestinal tract. MENK8-immunoreactive cells were observed in the stomach and small intestine. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the pyloric region and duodenum. PYY-immunoreactive cells were found in the small and large intestine. Cells immunoreactive for motilin, CCK, GIP, and secretin were observed in the proximal small intestine and those immunoreactive for neurotensin were found only in the ileum. Although the distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of babirusa was similar to those reported for pig, restricted distribution of several endocrine cells, gastrin, BPP, MENK8, motilin, CCK, GIP, secretin and neurotensin and wider distribution of glucagon and PYY were observed in the babirusa. The unexpected presence of MENK8 in all glandular regions of the stomach and PYY in the small intestine was also noted. The distribution of gut endocrine cells might be related to the regulatory characteristics of the babirusa digestive tract.

Research of swim bladders on many species revealed that this organ has a high protein content that very potential as a source of collagen. This research aimed to isolate collagen from swim bladders of grouper, convert it into nano collagen, and determine the conformity of collagen with the quality standard of cosmetic materials. Collagen isolation was initiated by the process of elimination all non-collagen protein and other impurities (pre-extraction) with alkaline (NaOH) 0.05 M for 10 hours, followed by extraction with acetic acid 0.5 M (CH3COOH) for 48 hours with a sample and solvent volume ratio of 1:20 w/v at 4°C. The yield of the extracted collagen was 18.96±1.53%, solubility 81.10±0.88%, and whiteness 90.58±0.13%. Analysis of functional groups showed the presence of amide A, amide B, amide I, amide II, and amide III which indicated as a type 1 collagen. Collagen extract showed positive result for the coloring of Casson’s trichrome. Ultrasonicated nano collagen for 150 minutes had a particle size of 404.1 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.446. The chemical compositions of collagen overall have met the quality requirements of collagen standards as a cosmetic material based on SNI 8076-2014.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari morfologi kelenjar aksesori muncak jantan secara makroanatomi dan mikroanatomi. Seekor muncak jantan dewasa berumur 4-5 tahun dengan bobot badan 19 kg digunakan pada penelitian ini. Muncak terlebih dahulu di-exanguinasi untuk dikoleksi kelenjar aksesori kelaminnya. Untuk memperoleh gambaran mikroanatomi, sampel kelenjar aksesori diproses dengan teknik histologi dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin-eosin (HE). Hasil pengamatan makroskopis menunjukkan bahwa kelenjar aksesori muncak jantan terdiri atas ampula, duktus deferens, kelenjar prostat, kelenjar vesikularis, dan kelenjar bulbouretralis. Karakteristik histologi kelenjar aksesori muncak adalah ditemukannya kelenjar prostat yang berbentuk pars diseminata dengan kelenjar-kelenjar sekretori tersebar di sekeliling lumen uretra pars pelvina dimana secara makroskopis kelenjar tersebut tidak dapat diamati. Tipe kelenjar sekresi pada ampula, kelenjar vesikularis, dan pars diseminata prostat adalah tubuloalveolar, sedangkan pada kelenjar bulbouretralis tipe tubular. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa morfologi kelenjar aksesori muncak jantan memperlihatkan kemiripan dengan kelenjar aksesori pada ruminansia kecil lainnya seperti kambing, domba, reeves muntjak, dan pampas deer.

Stages of the seminiferous epithelium of the testis of the wild Javan muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak muntjak) in hard antler period were characterized based on the tubular morphology method. The number and the relative frequencies of seminiferous epithelium stages and the morphometry of germinal cell nuclei were identified microscopically. We identified eight stages of seminiferous epithelium in testicular tissue of the Javan muntjac and found that the relative frequencies of stages I to VIII were 14.87, 15.12, 17.75, 6.87, 7.37, 12.37, 13, and 12.62%, respectively. The diameter of the nuclei of germinal cells varied in each stage of seminiferous epithelium. Diplotene-stage primary spermatocytes had prominent and large nuclei ~8.97 ± 1.0 μm in stages III and IV. Pachytene primary spermatocytes appeared in most stages, except stage IV, whereas leptotene- and diplotene-stage primary spermatocytes were found in stages I and II, and III and IV, respectively. Round spermatids were observed in stages IV to VIII and in stage I but were absent in stages II and III, while elongated spermatids were observed in all stages except stage I. Our findings show that the stages of seminiferous epithelium in the Javan muntjac are similar to those found in neotropical cervids, small ruminants, and other domestic animals.

The morphology, distribution and relative frequencies of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) were investigated. The immunohistochemical method employed used seven types of antisera against chromogranin, serotonin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, glucagon and insulin. Chromogranin and serotonin immunoreactive (IR) cells were found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, gastrin-IR cells were only found in the oxyntic gland, pyloric gland and duodenum, while cholecystokinin-IR and somatostatin-IR cells were detected in the oxyntic gland, pyloric gland and small intestines. Somatostatin-IR cells were also seen in the caecum. Glucagon-IR cells were found in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract apart from the colon and rectum. No insulin-IR cells were found in the gastrointestinal tract of this species. The cells in the small intestine were generally spindle shaped with long cytoplasmic processes ending in the lumen (open type), while in the stomach and large intestine, they were occasionally round or spherical in shape (closed type). An uncommon distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the barking deer was noted for cholecystokinin- and glucagon-IR cells.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui sebaran karbohidrat pada usus biawak air dengan metode histokimia. Organ usus dari satu ekor biawak jantan dewasa dikoleksi melalui prosedur perfusi dan selanjutnya difiksasi dengan larutan paraformaldehid 4%. Usus biawak dibagi menjadi enam bagian, yaitu bagian I sampai VI dan selanjutnya diproses menjadi preparat histologi. Deteksi sebaran karbohidrat pada lapisan mukosa usus dilakukan dengan pewarnaan alcian blue (AB) pH 2,5 untuk karbohidrat asam dan periodic acid schiff (PAS) untuk karbohidrat netral. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sebaran karbohidrat asam ditemukan pada sel goblet pada keenam bagian usus dengan intensitas reaksi sedang (++) sampai kuat (+++), dan tidak ditemukan pada struktur usus lainnya. Sebaran karbohidrat netral ditemukan di seluruh permukaan jaringan usus dengan intensitas reaksi lemah (+) sedangkan intensitas reaksi sedang (++) sampai kuat (+++) ditemukan pada sel goblet. Jumlah sel goblet penghasil karbohidrat asam dan netral pada usus bagian I-IV lebih sedikit (+~++) dibandingkan usus bagian V-VI (+++). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebaran karbohidrat asam dan netral ditemukan diseluruh bagian usus dengan intensitas pewarnaan yang bervariasi. Jumlah sel goblet yang terdeteksi menghasilkan kedua jenis karbohidrat tersebut lebih banyak ditemukan pada usus bagian kaudal.Kata kunci: jaringan usus, sel goblet, karbohidrat asam dan netral, Varanus salvator. (Histochemical Study of Intestinal Carbohydrates Distribution in the Water Monitor (Varanus salvator))The objective of this study was to elaborate the distribution of carbohydrate in intestine tissue of water monitor using histochemical method. Intestinal organ from an adult male water monitor was collected after perfused and subsequently fixed in paraformaldehyde 4%. Intestinal organ was divided to six regions e.g. I to VI and then processed to histological slides. The carbohydrate distribution on the mucosal surface of intestinal tissue was stained with alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5 for detect the acid carbohydrates and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) for the neutral carbohydrates. The results showed that the distribution of acid carbohydrates found in the goblet cells at the I to VI regions with vary intensity of staining reaction with good staining (++) to intense staining (+++), whereas other intestinal structures did not contain the acid carbohydrates. Furthermore, the distribution of neutral carbohydrates was found in the whole intestinal tissue with weak reaction (+), while good staining (++) to intense staining (+++) was appeared in the goblet cells. Additionally, the number of goblet cells containing acid and neutral carbohydrates at the I-IV region was fewer (+~++) than at V-VI region (+++). Conclusion of this study is the distribution of acid and neutral carbohydrates appeared in all regions of the intestinal tissue. The large number of goblet cells that secreting both of carbohydrate type was found at the caudal of intestinal tissue.Keywords: intestinal tissue, goblet cells, acid and neutral carbohydrates, Varanus salvator.

We investigated the histology and carbohydrate content of the parotid and mandibular glands of the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak). Three adult males were used. Paraffin wax sections of the glands were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), alcian blue (AB), pH 2.5 and periodic acid Schiff (PAS). The acinar cells of the parotid gland were serous, whereas those of the mandibular gland were of the mixed type. The acini of the mandibular gland comprised serous and mucous cells with the mucous type predominating. AB and PAS staining showed high concentrations of acidic and neutral carbohydrates in the mucous cells, but not in the serous cells of the mandibular gland. These carbohydrates were also found in moderate-to-high concentrations in the secreted material in the mandibular duct lumen. However, these carbohydrates were not found in acinar cells of the parotid gland or in the serous cells of the mandibular gland. Thus, carbohydrates in the saliva of the barking deer appear to be produced mainly by the mucous cells of the mandibular glands.