The life-cycle of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) Dietz, 1909 has been completed experimentally beginning with infected snails collected at the type-locality, near Erlangen, Germany. Based on the specimens obtained, each stage of the life-cycle has been redescribed. Important taxonomic features are discussed and hitherto unknown characteristics are described. Synonyms for E. revolutum are: Fasciola revoluta Froelich, 1802; Echinostoma paraulum Dietz, 1909; E. audyi Lie & Umathevy, 1965; and E. ivaniosi Mohandas, 1973. Adults and larvae described as E. revolutum in other works are found to be identical with Echinostoma echinatum (Zeder, 1803), E. trivolvis (Cort, 1914), E. jurini (Skvortsov, 1924), E. caproni Richard, 1964, Moliniella anceps (Molin, 1859), Echinochasmus beleocephalus (Linstow, 1873) and other echinostome species. For nearly a century, incorrect morphological, biological, life-cycle and host information has been attributed to E. revolutum, and at times these data have contributed to the diagnoses of the species. Occasionally, authors actually working with E. revolutum have ascribed their results to other species. Based on extensive experimental life-cycle studies beginning with infected snails from type-localities, it is shown that (1) the first intermediate host is a lymnaeid snail; (2) the second intermediate hosts are various pulmonate and prosobranch snails, mussels, frogs and freshwater turtles; (3) the final hosts are birds; (4) E. revolutum cercariae and adults have 37 collar spines; (5) the species occurs only in Europe and Asia; (6) Cercaria echinata Siebold, 1937, Echinostoma echinatum (Zeder, 1803) and E. jurini (Skvortsov, 1924 are the closely related 37-spined allies in Europe; and (7) species specific characteristics are expressed only in the larvae and the host-parasite relationships. The adults of E. revolutum cannot be identified using morphological criteria and it is proposed that worms with 37 collar spines belonging to the genus Echinostoma and occurring in naturally infected birds in Europe and Asia be referred to an "E. revolutum group."

The life-cycle ofEchinostoma trivolvis (Cort, 1914) has been completed experimentally and the validity and identity of this species are discussed. Synonyms for cercariae and adults of E. trivolvis are as follows: Cercaria trivolvis

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Life-cycle, delimitation and redescription ofCatatropis verrucosa (Friilich, 1789) Odhner, 1905 (Trematoda: Notocotylidae) I. Kanev, I. Vassilev, V. Dimitrov and V. Radev Abstract The life-cycle of Catatropis verrucosa (Fr6lich, 1789) Odhner, 1905 has been completed experimentally starting from infected snails collected along the River Danube in Europe. Each stage of the life-cycle is redescribed. Taxonomic problems are discussed and the main features of the species are listed. Synonyms for C. verrucosa are Fasciola verrucosa Fr61ich,

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Lymnaea elodes snails collected in northern Indiana, U.S.A., were infected with larval stages of an echinostome bearing 37 collar spines and resembling members of the Echinostoma group. The taxonomic status of this digenean was determined through experimental infections of various definitive and first-intermediate hosts. In addition, characteristics of the penetration and paraesophageal glands in cercariae from this echinostomatid were compared with those from E. revolutum and E. trivolvis. Results indicate that this recently discovered 37-collar-spined echinostome parasitizing lymnaeid snails is E. revolutum, making this the first clear report of this trematode in North America.

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This paper discusses collar spine arrangements in the genus Echinostoma. All arrangements are of uneven numbers of collar spines on the oral collar. The total number of collar spines in these arrangements ranges from a low 31 to a high 51. There are 11 models of collar spine arrangements in the Echinostoma consisting of spine numbers 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, and 51. Representative species with these collar spine arrangements are given in the article. The number of collar spines in a species is identical in both the larval and adult forms. Reports of even numbered spine counts in the genus Echinostoma are erroneous and probably reflect counts on worms with lost, retracted, or supernumerary spines.