The paper presents the results of a study of the moral problems of online learning in higher education. Analysis of the trend of contemporary universities determined positive and negative influence on the participants of educational and scientific activities and society in general. The purpose of a contemporary university is to preserve, produce, and disseminate knowledge and educate independent, critical and responsible citizens. Academic freedom and academic integrity are defined as the core values of today's higher education. The presented results of the survey of students and teachers from the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv on certain issues of academic integrity (2020-2021) revealed an asymmetry between the teachers and the students in the attitude to the violation of academic integrity. It was recorded that the level of awareness of ethics among the students is inadequate. Ways to address the moral issues of the educational process and online learning are associated with technical and institutional decisions on the implementation of academic integrity policies and raising the level of ethical awareness of all participants in the educational process, and expanding the role of the humanities. The author believes that philosophy and ethics can develop critical thinking and form a moral consciousness of students, a sense of personal responsibility for their actions.
The article examines the positive and negative experience of the consolidation of French and German citizens in process of nation-building by means of culture. The research deals with: practice of collecting masterpieces that influenced the development of public museums and the ability to defend national interests; the practice of consolidation of citizens around monuments of cultural figures; practices of confrontation between conservative intellectuals and modern artistic circles, which led to the fight against dissent, the destruction of books and the formation of the ideology of Nazism; practices of nazification of the education system, which revealed growing of the conflict between ideal virtues and the real behavior of participants in the educational process and politicians, and which subsequently legitimized absolute obedience to the leader; practices of collecting library collections, accompanied by theft of public libraries and private collections. The positive consequences of the consolidation citizens with the help of cultural institutions are indicated: the institutionally formed sphere of culture allows citizens to experience national pride, to be aware of themselves as a part of an original and rich national culture, to form their national identity. Cultural institutions create a space, which creativity is encouraged, opportunity for public discussions about culture and society are provided; educational and scientific activities are carried out. Recommendations on building a strategy for the cultural policy of Ukraine: the sphere of culture should be aimed at consolidating citizens; should expand the possibilities of various subjects of cultural activity and minimize the negative influences of the state; should expand access to quality education that fosters a culture of critical and creative thinking; should expand opportunities for international cooperation in educational and cultural projects based on the values of rights and freedom of individuals, mutual understanding and mutual respect of representatives of different cultures.
The article deals with the "atomistic", "holistic", "teleological" theories of social institutions, which form the methodological basis for the Cultural Institutions Studies. The "atomistic" theories of institutions (D. North, D. Hodgson, E. Ostrom) relate to the conclusions of the institutional economics put emphasize on the importance of certain normative models and frameworks of social behavior, which are the institutions. Representatives of the "holistic" theories of institutions (G. Spencer, E. Durkheim, T. Parsons) highlight the connection between institutions ("structures") and their contribution to a society ("function"), and distinct institution are described as interdependent and necessary for functioning of the society in general. Representatives of the "teleological" approach in explaining the essence of social institutions (P. Gielen, S. Miller, Ch. Taylor, etc.) focus on the realization of a common goal, which is a set of interrelated individual goals, which are perceived by distinct individuals as their personal goal, but which makes sense only in the interaction of all participants of joint actions. Such actions most find their expression in the cultural sphere: team games, dances, theatrical performances, musical events, academic activities, etc. Recourse to these concepts allows us to outline the problematic field of cultural institutions studies as a research area, which is based on the latest investigation in cultural studies, sociology, and cultural economics. The main tasks of cultural institutions studies are related to the creation of descriptions of institutional practices, the elucidation of the patterns of functioning of cultural institutions, the prediction of future changes in institutional cultural practices in the context of cultural economy and cultural policy. In consideration of the basic approaches to the definition of a social institute, the essential characteristics of a cultural institute are revealed, which are manifested in three aspects: normative and regulatory aspect (complex of values, norms, rules), behavioral and procedural aspect (behavioral models, institutional roles, forms of joint interaction), organizational aspect (cultural institutions that produce, preserve and promote cultural good).
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