Given the increase in cadmium in the environment (air, soil, water) through modern industrial processes, the absorption of significant amounts from cigarette smoke is relevant to studying the effect of cadmium compounds on embryogenesis. The purpose of the study: experimental study and comparison of embryolethality and embryotoxicity of metal citrates depending on the duration of their intragastric administration (during 13 and 20 days of gestation). Materials and methods. The study was performed on 120 white adult female Wistar rats that weigh 170-200 g. They were divided into 6 groups due to the intragastric administration of solutions of the studied metals – rats treated with citrates: cadmium at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg – 1st group (nfemale = 20, nemb = 166); cadmium at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg and cerium (1.3 mg/kg) – 2nd group (nfemale = 20, nemb = 185); cadmium in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg and germanium (0.1 mg/kg) – 3rd group (nfemale = 20, nemb = 184); cadmium at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg and zinc (1.5 mg/kg) – 4th group (nfemale = 20, nemb = 179); cadmium at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg and nanocomposite (iodine + sulfur + selenium) at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg – 5th group (nfemale = 20, nemb = 180), 6th group – control (nfemale = 20, nemb = 212) – proportional volume of sterile saline in the same way. Females were divided into 2 subgroups of 10 animals each, depending on the duration of administration of test substances. The embryotoxic and embryolethal effects of the test substances were evaluated according to generally accepted criteria, which were calculated according to well-known formulas. Results and discussion. Cadmium compounds harm the embryogenesis of rats in the experimental groups and increase the rates of embryolethality. The most pronounced differences in these parameters concerning the control were found in animals with isolated exposure to cadmium citrate: the rates of total embryonic mortality increased by 4.0 times in both study periods of embryogenesis and 20% from the 13th to the 20th day; increased pre-implantation mortality by 6.0 times with an increase in post-implantation mortality by 3 times on the 13th day and by 15.0 times and 2.8 times on the 20th day of embryogenesis, respectively. Depending on the duration of introduction, the indicators of pre-implantation mortality increased by 25.0% with an increase in post-implantation mortality by 22.2% in the same period. The experimental group of exposure to cadmium citrate at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg recorded the lowest indicators of the number of live fetuses and intrauterine survival with the highest resorption rate studied of embryonic development. At the same time, in the groups of combined exposure to cadmium citrate with metal citrates, a decrease in the indicators of total embryonic mortality was 50.0% - 30.0%, pre-implantation mortality – 50.0% - 25.0%, post-implantation mortality – 60.0% - 44.4 % and increase in the number of fetuses per female – 12.7% - 25.3%. Conclusion. Analysis of the results shows a pronounced embryotoxic effect of cadmium citrate at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg on the processes of embryogenesis, which is a significant increase in overall embryonic mortality, preimplantation, and postimplantation mortality compared with the control group in all studied terms. In the groups of combined action of cadmium citrate with metal citrates, the data obtained indicate a decrease in the accumulation of cadmium under the influence of the studied citrates, which allows them to be considered as potential bioantagonists of cadmium citrate
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal which is considered a dangerous environmental pollutant and has a detrimental effect on the organs of the reproductive system, the period of implantation and the development of embryos. The experiment presented in this article established the effect of cadmium salts (chloride and citrate) on the general progress of embryogenesis. For this purpose, 60 rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, experimental group with cadmium chloride exposure and experimental group with cadmium citrate exposure. Cadmium chloride solvent, cadmium citrate solvent at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg and distilled intragastric water were injected from the first to the thirteenth (first subgroup) and from the first to the twentieth days of embryogenesis (second subgroup). When cadmium chloride was injected, total embryonic (by 4.24 and 3.67 times), pre-implantation (by 6.50 and 14.03 times) and post-implantation mortality (by 3.07 and 2.49 times) increased with a reduction of the number of surviving fetuses by 24.0% and 25.9% compared with the control group on the 13th and 20th days of embryogenesis respectively. At the same time, during exposure to cadmium citrate, indicators of total embryonic mortality increased by 4.02 and 3.52 times, pre-implantation mortality by 6.04 and 13.03 times, and post-implantation mortality by 3.09 and 2.26 times, and indicators of the number of live fetuses decreased by 18.3% and 22.2% in relation to the control group. When determining the accumulation of cadmium in embryos on the 20th day of gestation, polyelement analysis of biological materials using the atomic emission method with electric arc atomization revealed a 15.83-fold increase in cadmium chloride and 9.00 times in cadmium citrate relative to the control group. Embryolethality rates increased in animals of both experimental groups while the number of live fetuses per female decreased, which indicated an obvious embryotoxic effect of cadmium compounds. It is would be useful to conduct histological studies, which will help detect changes at the tissue level and possibly explain the level of embryonic mortality.
РЕЗЮМЕ. Встановлено, що вплив низьких доз ацетату свинцю призводив до зменшення показників товщини поверхневого епітелію та білкової оболонки, зменшення кількості примордіальних фолікулів при збільшенні атретичних. При поєднаному введенні ацетату свинцю з цитратом заліза відносно групи свинцевої експозиції збільшилися показники товщини поверхневого епітелію та білкової оболонки, збільшилась кількість примордіальних фолікулів при зменшенні атретичних.КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: ацетат свинцю, цитрат заліза, яєчники, фолікули.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕМБРІОТОКСИЧНОСТІ АЦЕТАТУ СВИНЦЮ У ПОЄДНАННІ ІЗ ЦИТРАТАМИ ЗОЛОТА, СРІБЛА ТА ЗАЛІЗА НА РІЗНИХ ТЕРМІНАХ ВАГІТНОСТІ ЩУРІВ І. І. КОЛОСОВА, В. В. МАЙОР, викладачі кафедри медичної біології, фармакогнозії та ботаніки, В. Ф. ШАТОРНА, доктор біологічних наук, завідуючий кафедри медичної біології, фармакогнозії та ботаніки ДЗ «Дніпропетровська медична академія МОЗ України» Анотація: Досліджено вплив ізольованого введення ацетату свинцю та його комбінації с цитратами золота, срібла й заліза на репродуктивну систему і ембріональний розвиток в експерименті на щурах. Були використані анатомічні, морфологічні, статистичні методи, визначення тератогенності проводили за методикою В. Вільсона. Експеримент проводили на 120 вагітних самицях щурів лінії Вістар, яким вводили розчини ацетату свинцю (0,05 мг/кг) та цитратів металів (заліза (1,5 мгк/кг), золота (1,5 мгк/кг), срібла (2 мгк/кг)) з першого дня вагітності до 11, 15 та 19 доби, проводили розтин на 12, 16 та 20 добу вагітності. Проведене експериментальне дослідження показало ембріотоксичність розчину ацетату свинцю, про що свідчить підвищення ембіолетальності, зниження маси плодів та плацент щурів. Результати дослідження комбінованого впливу ацетату свинцю та цитратів заліза, срібла, золота, отриманих за аквананотехнологіями виявили їх позитивний вплив на показники ембріонального розвитку дослідних тварин, що проявляється збільшенням кількості живих плодів, зниженням показників загальної, доімплантаційної та постімплантаційної ембріональної смертності. Тератогенної дії досліджуваних речовин у даних концентраціях не виявлено. Ключові слова: ембріональний розвиток, цитрат срібла, цитрат золота, цитрат заліза, ацетат свинцю Дане дослідження є фрагментом міжкафедральної планової наукової теми Державного закладу «Дніпропетровська медична академія МОЗ України» «Біологічні основи морфогенезу органів та тварин під впливом нанометалів в експерименті» (номер державної реєстрації 0115U004879).
The purpose of the study was to experimentally study and compare the morphometric parameters of the ovaries of rats against the background of exposure to chloride and cadmium citrate during 13 or 20 days of gestation. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 60 adult white female Wistar rats weighing 170–200 g, divided into 3 groups, depending on the intragastric administration of solutions of the studied metals – rats receiving cadmium chloride at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg – Group 1 (n females = 20); cadmium citrate at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg – Group 2 (n females = 20), Group 3 – control (n females = 20) – a proportional volume of sterile saline in the same way. In each experimental group, the females were divided into 2 subgroups of 10 animals each, depending on the duration of the administration of the test substances (13 or 20 days), the possible effect of which on the morphometric parameters of the ovaries was determined by the change in the average absolute and relative weight, volume, specific gravity and number of corpus luteum in the ovaries. Results and discussion. It was established that under the action of cadmium salts (chloride and citrate) the weight indices of rats of the experimental groups decreased by 4.2%-8.9% relative to the control group. In the cadmium chloride exposure group, the indicators of absolute mass, relative mass and volume of the ovaries increased as on the 13th day by 7.1%; 14.4%; 14.6%, and on the 20th day by 9.3%; 15.0%; 5.2% respectively. The same trend was observed in the group of action of cadmium citrate: the listed indicators increased by 3.2% on the 13th day of gestation by 12.0%; 5.63%, and on the 20th day by 3.7%; 5.4%; 13.9%, respectively, which is presumably due to edema and hypertrophy. When analyzing the specific gravity of the ovaries – an integral indicator that reflects the mass, linear dimensions and volume of organs, it was found that on the 13th day of gestation, both under the action of cadmium chloride and cadmium citrate, this indicator decreased by 3.12% (D No.1) and 2.08% (D No.2). On the 20th day of pregnancy in the experimental group No. 1, this indicator decreased by 1.03%, while in the experimental group No. 2 it increased by 2.1%, which indicates the compaction of the organ. The analysis of the obtained results showed that on the 13th day of gestation, the lowest average value of the number of corpus luteum per 1 female was observed in the group exposed to cadmium chloride and amounted to 10.00±0.27, the highest one was in the control group on the 20th day and amounted to 11.00±0.71. Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrate changes in the morphometric parameters of the ovaries of pregnant female rats with intragastric administration of cadmium chloride and cadmium citrate to Wistar rats at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg (in terms of metal), and are expressed in an increase in absolute and relative weight and indicate the toxic effect of the studied substances on the gonads of experimental animals
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