0 VA, N auchno-I ssledovalelski!£ I nstitut Sintelicheslcogo Kauchuka im S. V . Lebedeva, Leningrad, U.S.S.R . IFor solving the problem of cis-polyisoprene or cis-polybutadiene synthesis one must take into consideration not only the nature of the catalyst determining the character of the monomer addition during the polymerization but also secondary reactions proceeding in the polymer cha in under the influence of the eatalytic complex components. We have found that titanium halides and organoaluminum compounds cause isomerization of the cis uni ts of natmal rubber into the trans units. 1 The percentage of different configurations of the polymer chain uni ts has been determined by infrared spectmscopy from the absorption at 840 em. -l. In some cases it has been dete rmined qualitatively from t.he absorption bands at 1300 and 1100 em. -1 • The data on the relative proportion of cis and trans units are only qualitative sin ce, simultaneously with the polymerization proce s, a considerable TABLE I Tso mPriza tion of Na tura l Ruhlw r ( in a2 % Benzene Solution during 10 hr. ) % by % of units from total number of Hn Rat11ratNI " ·eigh t units o f T Ptnp. , Vnsatura t ion , Catalyst rubber oc. % Ct S tran s DO 99.2
We have established earlier that organo-aluminum compounds, and titanium tetrachloride, bring about the isomerization of the cis-isoprene units in natural rubber into the trans. The isomerization process, as influenced by the above materials, proceeds at appreciable velocity even at room temperature. The present communication reports the results of investigating the cis-trans isomerism of natural rubber as influenced by hydrogen chloride and ethylaluminum dichloride. The isomerizing action of hydrogen chloride upon unsaturated acids and stilbene was dislosed earlier in a series of papers. We investigated the action of dry hydrogen chloride and ethylaluminum dichloride on benzene solutions of natural rubber under the conditions described earlier. Hydrogen chloride was introduced in the form of a saturated benzene solution. In investigating the hydrogen chloride activity, each polymer sample was examined for unsaturation, chlorine content of the polymer chains and microstructure. The latter was characterized with the aid of infrared absorption spectra. As in the previous report, quantitative determination of the cis and trans content was made in the 840 cm−1 region, where the intensity and contour are substantially dissimilar for natural rubber and guttapercha. Furthermore, an additional inspection was made qualitatively in other regions of the IR spectrum (1100–1150 cm−1 and 1300–1330 cm−1), the feasibility of utilizing the 1300–1330 cm−1 region having been reported in a recent publication by Golub, who investigated the isomerization of natural rubber and guttapercha under the influence of selenium at temperatures of 180–220°.
The paper focuses on the representation of Aelffled, abbess of Whitby, in hagiographical works of Anglo-Saxon church writers at the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries. The research is based on Stephen of Ripon’s live of Saint Wilfred of York and two lives of Saint Cuthbert, composed by an anonymous monk of Lindisfarn and Bede the Venerable. Within the first centuries after the Christianization of England, the authority of noble Anglo-Saxon abbesses was based on their kin relations with the ruling houses. A member of Northumbrian royal dynasty, Aelffled was one of the most powerful women in England of her time. She took interest in written culture, succession strategies, and church politics. Her circle of social contacts stretched far beyond the monastery walls. In the life of Saint Wilfred, Aelffled is shown as a prominent public figure. The hagiographic tradition devoted to Cuthbert of Lindisfarn reveals her emotional world, personal interaction with the wonderworker and her involvement in the affairs of Northumbrian royal house. Literary portraits of the second abbess of Whitby illustrate the high social position of noble ladies who were at the head of Anglo-Saxon double houses, as well as the dubious attitude of church milieu towards their political activities. Among other factors that determined Aelffled’s portrayal by her contemporaries were the circumstances of their works’ composition, individual biographic features of the saints to whom the vitae were devoted to, and the narrative’s micro-context. Based on the comparative and contextual analysis, the author attempts to revise the attitude expressed by modern gender historians about Bede’s hostility towards abbess Aelffled.
Рассматриваются исторические особенности англосаксонских женских монастырей IXсередины XI веков. Научная новизна исследования обусловлена тем, что в отечественной историографии эта проблематика ранее не изучалась. Исследование выполнено на материале широкого круга исторических свидетельств: агиографических сочинений, биографий, грамот, хроник. Выявлены факторы, обусловившие упадок двойных монастырей в Англии IX века. Проанализированы данные англосаксонских грамот, иллюстрирующие конфликты епископов и аббатис. Показано, что в поздний англосаксонский период, несмотря на ослабление влияния настоятельниц, женские монашеские общины по-прежнему поддерживали тесные связи с королевским домом. Материальное благосостояние женских монастырей зачастую определялось присутствием среди их насельниц представительниц королевской семьи. Особое внимание уделяется истории англосаксонских женских монастырей в период бенедиктинской реформы, инициированной королем Эдгаром (959-975). Проанализированы особенности отношений королев с женскими монастырями в конце X -середине XI веков. Историческая специфика вовлечения конвентов в процесс реформирования изучена главным образом на основе истории Уилтонской обители, в которой жила одна из наиболее известных англосаксонских подвижниц -святая Эдита.Ключевые слова: англосаксонское монашество; средневековые женские монастыри; эпоха викингов; королевство Уэссекс; бенедиктинское Возрождение; англосаксонские святые. ConventS of england ix -mid xi CenturieS
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.