An overview is given of all results from the International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments (ICP Materials), which was launched in 1985. Since then, about twenty different materials have been exposed repeatedly in a network of test sites consisting of more than twenty sites with an extensive environmental characterisation and more than sixty official reports have been issued. Recent results on trends in corrosion, soiling, and pollution show that corrosion of carbon steel, zinc, and limestone is today substantially lower than 25 years ago, but while corrosion of carbon steel has decreased until today, corrosion of zinc and limestone has remained more or less constant since the turn of the century. Unique data are given on measured HNO3concentrations from 2002-2003, 2005-2006, and 2008-2009, and the relative average decrease was about the same from 2002-2003 to 2005-2006 as it was from 2005-2006 to 2008-2009.
This paper presents an overview of nanopowders preparation using low-temperature plasma (LTP). LTP with its unique processing capabilities provides an attractive and chemically unspecific route for powder synthesis. Nanopowders such as oxides, nitrides, carbides, catalysts and other nanopowders have been successfully synthesized in LTP reactors based on high intensity arcs, plasma jets and radio-frequency (r. f.) inductively coupled discharges.
The nitrides of transient metals have a high hardness, thermal stability, remarkable wear resistance in aggressive chemical mediums, melted metals and alloys, high corrosion resistance, and low coefficient of electric resistance. Under the conditions of low-temperature argon plasma (LTP), thermodynamic investigations were conducted in the process of obtaining of AlN, TiN and Si3N4 in a temperature range of 1000 K to 6000 K. To investigate the thermodynamic possibility of obtaining nitrides, a computer model was used which provided the equilibrium composition of gaseous and solid phases at different temperatures. The conditions for chemical equilibrium of the system were based on the minimization of Gibbs' energy.
This article presents a review on the physical-chemical properties and characteristics of plasma-chemically produced nanodispersed powders (NDP), such as metals, oxides, nitrides, carbides, and catalysts. The plasma-chemical preparation of the powders was carried out in thermal plasma (TP) created by means of high-current electric arcs, plasma jets, high-frequency (HF) discharges, etc. We also discuss certain properties and characteristics of the NDPs, which are determined largely by the conditions of preparation.
The synthesis of ceramics based on silicon nitride using nanopowders of TiN and Si3N4 as additives was studied. The ceramic compositions were pressurelessly sintered under nitrogen atmosphere at different temperatures (1550 o C, 1650 o C and 1750 o C) with a heating rate of 10 o C/min and a holding time of 2 h. The nanodispersed nitrides (NDN) were produced by electric-arc plasma synthesis and characterized. The ceramic composites obtained with nanoparticles of 1wt% to 5wt% TiN and 20wt% Si3N4 were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atom force microscopy (AFM) and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDX). The effect of the addition of nanodispersed powders on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Si3N4 ceramics was investigated.
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