Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre, which is the byproduct of fruits being stripped from the fresh fruit bunch in palm oil mill, was evaluated in terms of the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOs) and the solid residue was treated for cellulose recovery. Chemoenzymatic hydrolysis that consists of chemical fractionation of OPEFB fibre to isolate xylan with further enzymatic hydrolysis to XOs in a packed bed column reactor (PBCR) was performed. An immobilised xylanase of Thermomyces lanuginosus at the concentration of 8.25 fungal xylanase unit wheat/mililitre (FXUW mL−1) was employed on a PBCR to hydrolyse the xylan at 55 °C and pH 5.5. The yields of XOs are composed of xylopentaose, xylotetraose, xylotriose and xylobiose, successfully produced from the OPEFB-xylan, shown in HPLC analysis with the total production of 8,776 mg/L and the immobilised xylanase can be recycled up to six enzymatic treatment cycles. The solid residue generated from the xylan extraction was further treated with mild concentration of bleaching agents of 20% (v/v) formic acid and 5% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide at 85 °C. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the products obtained have the standard cellulose structure and functional group. Further analyses on the properties of the extracted cellulose in terms of crystallinity, thermal stability and morphology were conducted. The integrated process to produce XOs from OPEFB and recover cellulose from its byproduct is sustainable to extract fine chemicals from OPEFB.
Oil palm biomass (OPB) is a by-product derived from the oil palm industry; periodically available in the field during the replanting and pruning activities; and from the milling processes of palm oil. The biomass includes oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm frond (OPF), kernel shell, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), oil palm mesocarp fibre (OPMF), and palm oil mill effluent (POME). OPB is classified as lignocellulosic residues that typically contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in their cell wall that can be converted into fine chemicals. These lignocellulosic chemicals have significant potential applications in food, chemicals and pharmaceuticals industries. A number of different types of extraction technologies have been developed; namely chemicals, physico-chemicals, biochemicals or the combinations of these processes. But as the methods that are environmental-friendly are the current trend, this article has its focus entirely on green technologies. This article comprehensively reviews the conversion of OPB into lignocellulosic chemicals with special attention on various extraction processes, followed by discussion on their special merits as well as their weaknesses. Sustainability for each of the process is also considered in detail in the discussion.
Fossil fuels are included as non-renewable energy sources, so its presence in Indonesia is decreasing. One of the renewable energy sources that can be obtained easily is bioethanol, this energy is obtained from organic materials containing cellulose fibers. Cellulose is hydrolyzed on a catalyst and fermented to obtain bioethanol. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of catalysts in the production of bioethanol from market organic waste (fruit peels and vegetables). There are three stages of converting organic waste into bioethanol, including converting green vegetables waste and fruit peels (polysaccharides / cellulose) into monosaccharides (simple sugars) through a hydrolysis process followed by a fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and EM4, then separating ethanol and water using a distillation process. The resulting products are analyzed using a quantitative test to determine density and a qualitative test to determine color change. The results showed that the ethanol obtained from the addition of H2SO4 catalyst with concentrations of 0.5% and 1% had almost the same specifications as standard ethanol based on density calculations and color change tests. The highest ethanol yield percentage was obtained from the concentration of H2SO4 1%.
Semakin bertambahnya kasus COVID-19 menjadikan pemerintah indonesia melakukan gerak cepat mengatasi pandemi melalui program vaksinasi untuk meningkatkan herd imunity. Kerjasama lembaga pemerintahan dan masyarakat sangatlah dibutuhkan dalam terselenggaranya vaksinasi. Namun tidak sedikit masyarakat yang belum mengetahui pentingnya vaksinasi sehingga enggan untuk di vaksin COVID-19. Fokus dan tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat partisipasi masyarakat di desa Latukan Kab.Lamongan pada program vaksinasi. Teori pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara dan studi literatur. Adapun informan dalam penelitian ini yakni ketua PKK desa Latukan dan ketua kelompok tani. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu tidak adanya sosialiasai dan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat umum mengenai pentingnya vaksinasi, namun terdapat penyuluhan dari rumah ke rumah oleh pihak bidan desa kepada para lansia, dan adanya berita hoax mengenai dampak melalukan vaksinasi.
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