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Definitions of yield management vary in terms of their content and focus. Develops a “best fit” definition of yield management of the hotel sector by reviewing the literature in this area and extracting the key words and central meanings used. In addition, produces a list of eight features using a comparison and analysis of the views of London‐based front office managers and features of yield management applications promoted through vendors′ sales literature. Together these eight features illustrate what an ideal yield management application would offer. While all of the applications currently for sale within the UK offer some of these features, none of them are capable of performing the complete range.

Eleven species of lactic acid bacteria when grown on a milk‐based medium reduced the pH value to < 4.7. The cells of nine of these species inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli on agar in Petri dishes. However, only Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus bulgaricus gave significant cell free anti‐E. coli activity. Activity against E. coli enterotoxin was also found only in two species. L. bulgaricus and S. faecalis. Part of the activity in the former species was cell free. Further investigation of the cell‐free anti‐enterotoxic activity from L. bulgaricus showed that it had a low molecular weight probably < 103, was not very stable and was independent of the anti‐E. coli activity. Broths containing L. bulgaricus fermented to produce high levels of antienterotoxin were beneficial when added to diets for early weaned pigs. It was inferred that this effect was likely to be caused by the anti‐enterotoxic activity.

The use of global positioning systems (GPS) technology within referees of any sport is limited. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the movement and physiological demands of professional rugby league referees using GPS tracking analysis. Time-motion analysis was undertaken on 8 referees using 5-Hz GPS devices and heart rate monitors throughout a series of Super League matches. 44 data sets were obtained with results identifying similar total distance covered between first and second half periods with a significant (P=0.004) reduction in the number of high velocity efforts performed between 5.51?7.0?m.s?1 (1st=21?8, 2nd=18?8). Mean distance covered from greatest to least distance, was 3?717?432?m, 3?009?402?m, 1?411?231?m, 395?133?m and 120?97?m for the following 5 absolute velocity classifications, respectively; 0.51?2.0?m.s?1; 2.1?4.0?m.s?1: 4.01?5.5?m.s?1; 5.51?7.0?m.s?1; <7.01?m.s?1. Heart rate was significantly (P<0.001) greater in the first (85.5?3.4% maxHR) compared to the second (82.9?3.8% maxHR) half. This highlights the intermittent nature of rugby league refereeing, consisting of low velocity activity interspersed with high velocity efforts and frequent changes of velocity. Training should incorporate interval training interspersing high velocity efforts of varying distances with low velocity activity while trying to achieve average heart rates of ~?84% maxHR to replicate the physiological demands.