This study aimed to investigate the effects of heavy metals on measures of male fertility. One hundred and two infertile men with occupational exposure and thirty fertile men were included in this study. Blood and urinary levels of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Semen parameters and a motile sperm organelle morphology examination were also performed. Measures of hormonal levels, oxidation–reduction potential, DNA fragmentation index and chromatin condensation were assessed for all participants. Heavy metals levels, oxidative stress and DNA quality were significantly higher in the infertile group compared to controls. FSH and testosterone levels were lower in the infertile group. A urinary cadmium level was positively associated with abnormal sperm morphology (r = .225, p < .05). Normal morphology was inversely correlated with the duration of the exposure (r = −.227, p = .022). The blood lead level was positively related to the level of testosterone (r = .223, p = .031). Cadmium and lead blood levels were positively correlated with the level of chromatin decondensation (r = .528, p < .001; r = .280, p = .017). Our study showed that occupational exposure to heavy metals is very harmful to reproductive health. DNA quality and oxidative stress investigations must be recommended for reprotoxic exposed patients prior to in vitro fertilisation treatment.

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INTRODUCTION L'ethmoïdite aiguë (EA) est l'infection bactérienne des cellules du labyrinthe ethmoïdal. Il s'agit d'une infection sévère, nécessitant un diagnostic et un traitement urgents du fait du risque de complications ophtalmologiques et endocrâniennes [1].Elle survient le plus souvent entre l'âge de 6mois et 5 ans. Le signe d'appel est l'apparition dans un contexte fébrile d'un oedème palpébral [2]. Le traitement repose essentiellement sur l'antibiothérapie à large spectre. La chirurgie est réservée aux formes compliquées. Le but de notre étude est d'analyser les caractéristiques clinico-radiologiques et thérapeutiques de cette affection à travers 11 observations et une revue de la littérature.

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Background Rickets is a common disease worldwide. In the developed world, its prevalence dramatically decreased but still diagnosed in at‐risk populations. The skin plays a critical role in vitamin D synthesis. Therefore, several skin diseases, especially keratinization disorders, could lead to impaired vitamin D metabolism and vitamin D deficient rickets. Objective The article aimed to summarize the current knowledge of skin diseases and conditions associated with rickets. Methods To examine the association between rickets and skin diseases, we performed a systematic review of the literature using PubMed database. The search included studies published from the database inception to August 2019. Results A total number of 75 articles were included. Identified conditions associated with rickets were ichthyosis being a more common skin diseases, alopecia, epidermal and melanocytic nevi, xeroderma pigmentosum, mastocytosis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Three types of rickets were identified: vitamin D‐dependent rickets, hypocalcemic vitamin D‐dependent rickets type 2, and hypophosphatemic rickets. Cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome is a newly described and under‐recognized condition. It is defined by the association of epidermal or melanocytic nevi, hypophosphatemic rickets, and elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23. Rickets in patients with ichthyosis was mainly due to impaired ability of ichthyotic skin to synthesize vitamin D, poor UV penetration of the skin caused by keratinocyte proliferation, and dark phototype. The latter may be considered a risk factor for rickets in patients with ichthyosis. Conclusion Despite its rarity, these associations should be properly recognized by dermatologists. Early diagnosis of rickets is important to prevent growth retardation and skeletal deformities.

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