We present an improved model on neutrino-and electron-nucleon scattering cross sections using effective leading order PDFs with a new scaling variable ξw. Non-perturbative QCD effects at low Q 2 are separately treated for u and d valence quarks, and sea quarks. The improved model uses all inelastic charged lepton F2 data (SLAC/BCDMS/NMC/HERA), and photoproduction data on proton and deuterium. In this way, we obtain an improved model which describes all inelastic scattering charged lepton data, JLAB resonance data, and neutrino data. This improved model is expected to be better for neutrino oscillation experiments at few GeV region. Recent discovery of neutrino oscillation from atmospheric neutrino experiment [1] have indicated that it is important to understand neutrino cross section in the few GeV region. But we do not have precise neutrino data to understand this region very well. Thus, good modeling of neutrino cross sections at low energies becomes very crucial for the precise next generation neutrino oscillations experiments. In few GeV region, there are three types of neutrino interactions, quasielastic, resonance, and inelastic scattering. It is very challenging to disentangle each contribution separately, especially, resonance scattering vs deep inelastic scattering (DIS) contribution, due to large non-perturbative QCD corrections to the DIS contribution.Our approach is that we describe these processes in terms of quark-parton model using the precise charged-lepton scattering data. It is then simpler to convert charged-lepton scattering cross section into neutrino cross section.In a previous report [2], we showed that our effective leading order model using an improved scaling variable ξ w describes all deep inelastic scattering charged leptonnucleon scattering data including resonance data (SLAC/BCDMS/NMC/HERA/JLab) [4,5] from very high Q 2 to very low Q 2 (down to photoproduction region), as well as CCFR neutrino data citeyangthesis,rccfr. Our proposed scaling variable, ξ w is derived on following basis. Using energy momentum conservation, the factional momentum, ξ carried by a quark in a proton target of mass M can be obtained as follows;whereHere M i is the initial quark mass with average initial transverse momentum P T and M f is the mass of the quark in the final state. This expression for ξ was previously derived [8] for the case of P T = 0. Assuming M i = 0 we use following variable in our model;here, M f = 0 except charm-production case (M f =1.5 GeV) in neutrino scattering. The parameter A accounts for the higher order (dynamic 1
The Precision Proton Spectrometer (PPS) of the CMS and TOTEM experiments collected 107.7 fb-1 in proton-proton (pp) collisions at the LHC at 13 TeV (Run 2). This paper describes the key features of the PPS alignment and optics calibrations, the proton reconstruction procedure, as well as the detector efficiency and the performance of the PPS simulation. The reconstruction and simulation are validated using a sample of (semi)exclusive dilepton events. The performance of PPS has proven the feasibility of continuously operating a near-beam proton spectrometer at a high luminosity hadron collider.
The linear and nonlinear optical properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals containing ZnO defects were studied by linear absorption spectroscopy and the femtosecond Z-scan technique. Photonic crystals containing ZnO defects, (Ta2O5∕SiO2)5∕ZnO∕(SiO2∕Ta2O5)5, were prepared using electron-beam deposition and magnetron sputtering. The transmission spectra of these photonic crystals revealed a defect mode resonance and a broad photonic band gap. The observed transmission spectra could be described by applying the optical transfer matrix formalism to the multilayer structure. When compared with the Z-scan curve of the ZnO film, that of the resonant photonic crystal exhibited a larger transmittance dip. The enhancement of the nonlinear absorption in the resonant photonic crystal is due to the strong confinement of the optical field.
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