The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the extracts obtained using the aeruginosa and S. typhiwith the lowest inhibitory zones. The MIC of the methanol extract against the organisms was 12.5, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/ml respectively. The aqueous extract showed the least significant activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. typhi with MICs of 25, 25, 25 and 50mg/ml respectively.
Mushrooms are fungal fruit-bodies which have over successive years served as suitable source of protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. The fruit-bodies derive their nutrients from varieties of substrates including agro-wastes. This study was conducted to evaluate the potentials of using the pods of Delonix regia, straws of Saccharum officinarum and bark of Gmelina arborea in the production of nutritionally-rich edible oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius. The experiment was carried out in three replicates in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. The results of the investigations were analysed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means were separated using Least Significant Different (LSD) tool. The result of the myco-chemical analysis shows that fruit-bodies of P. ostreatus var florida, produced in Saccharum officinale straw, yielded the higher alkaloids (3.93±0.010g/100g) than those produced in Gmelina+Delonix (3.84±0.025g/100g) and S. officinale+D. regia , (3.77±0.03g/100g). The trend was the same with Flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols from S. officinale, G. aborea + D. regia and S. officinale + D. regia, and D. regia. Pleurotus pulmonarius from the substrates contained low concentration of alkaloids but higher concentration of flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols. Generally the substrates yielded fruit-bodies that are rich in protein. However those from S. officinale + D. regia appeared richer in protein (28.44±0.03g/100g). The substrates showed encouraging potentials for use in the production of nutritionally-rich edible P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius, with S. officinale + D. regia standing out as a more likely preferred substrates. There appears to be a synergism between the substrates of S. officinale and D. regia, since the mean of their individual performance is less than their performance when combined.
The mycelium of the mushroom was bulked up on guinea corn grains and was used to produce fruit-bodies on Andropogon gayanus straw and Khaya invorensis sawdust. The Chemical composition and nutritional values of the young and mature fruit-bodies evaluated. The nutrient composition in terms of the crude oil, protein, ash, total carbohydrate content mineral and vitamins contents were analyzed, and these were found out to vary dependent upon the stage of fruit-body development and substrate types. The moisture content was at maximum at immature stage and decreased during further development of the mushroom while the ash and fibre contents showed an opposite trend. The highest ash and fibre contents were obtained from the matured fruit-bodies and the lowest in the young fruitbodies. Similarly the fats and protein contents of the mature fruit-bodies were higher than those of the young fruit-bodies. However the carbohydrate contents of the mushroom fruit-bodies were neither influenced by the substrates nor their stages of development. There was no significant difference between the proximate compositions of the fruit-bodies harvested from Andropogon gayanus straw and those from Khaya invorensis. The fruit-bodies were equally rich in Niacin, Thiamine, Ascorbic acid and Riboflavin. However the concentrations of the vitamins (in mg/100g) were more in the fruit-bodies harvested from A. gayanus straw than those from K. invorensis sawdust. In each case however, matured fruit-bodies had higher contents of the vitamins than young fruit-bodies. The result of the analyses shows that P. pulmonarius fruit-bodies contained minerals (Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Calcium) and bio-active compounds (Alkaloids, Phenol, Tannin, Saponin and Hydrogen cyanide) in varying quantities. and mineral elements (Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Calcium). Andropogon straw produced fruit-bodies with higher Potassium, than those from Khaya sawdust and this mineral occurred more in the matured fruit-bodies than in young ones in each case. The other minerals were low and did not show any defined trend in both the substrate and in the stages of development. Similarly, Alkaloids, contents of both matured and young fruit-bodies and from the two substrates were higher than the rest of the bioactive compounds respectively. The results of the investigation were discussed in relation of the best stage of the fruit-bodies for consumption and best substrate for the cultivation of the mushroom.
The proximate, phytochemical, mineral and 203.072±2.32 in ORS' Magnesium: 27.2± 2.8 in ORS to 8.8 ±1.39 in PAS, Potassium: 352.3 ± 2.32 in ORS to176.1 ± 0.54 in PAS, Sodium: 12.67 ±0.58 in ORS to 9.2 ± 02 in ANS, Phosphorus: 233.47 ± 1.63 in PES to 158.09 ± 05 in ANS. For heavy metals Andropogon traw contained the highest ppmCadmium (7.18), Zinc, (25.08), Lead, (8.44), and copper, (9.96), than the other straws. Oryza straw contained next highest of zinc, but lead was not present. The result of the investigations were discussed in relation of the usefulness of the straws in the cultivation of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus var florida.
The phytochemical, proximate, vitamins, minerals, heavy metals and antimicrobial composition of two indigenous species of mushrooms namely Russule girolle (Rg) or Cantharellus, cibarius and Daedaleopsis confragosa (Dc) were investigated. The phytochemical constitute of the Mushrooms are as follows tannin, 1.88±0.02% for Rg and 2.74±0.l00% for Dc), phenol (0.41±0.02% for Rg and-0.45±0.
The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in Nigeria is still high. In this study, an ethno medicinal survey was conducted to record the different plant families, species and plants parts used for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases in Abia State of Nigeria. The result revealed that a total of 62 plant species in 48 genera from 44 families mostly the Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, and Malvaceae were used to treat diseases such as gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichonomiasis, chlamydia, urethritis, and to suppress the replication of HIV. The most plant parts used were leaves (32.5%), stem bark (23.75%) and root (20%).Other parts used included the fruits (7.5%), the seeds (3.75%) and the aerial parts (12.5%). More research is needed to extract and isolate the active chemical compounds under sound hygienic condition and study their mode of function.
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