The problem of earthquake prediction, as well as its interrelation with horizontal movements of the Earth's crust has not still been solved. The purpose of the work is to establish a possible correlation between generalized parameters of horizontal movements of the Earth's crust and seismicity. The Carpathian-Balkan region in connection with frequent and spatial differentiation of earthquake activity and well-known geological structures is chosen as a field for the research. Methods. Based on the data of permanent GNSS stations in 2010-2019, the horizontal velocities and deformations of the Carpathian-Balkan region are analyzed, as well as the maps of fields of the annual distribution of dilatation are added. The annual generalized parameters of seismicity for separate blocks are calculated from the data of seismological stations. Based on the spatial analysis of horizontal deformations and generalized seismicity, the correlations between absolute values of dilatation and semi-major axis of ellipse of scattering earthquake epicenters are established. As the results, the authors demonstrate some territories covered by the annual high degree of correlative connection between semi-major axis of the ellipse of scattering earthquake epicenters and absolute values of dilatation. The biggest correlative zone includes the Rhodopes, a subduction zone between Nubia and Europe tectonic units. The territory of stable correlations also coincides with Vrancea. The research suggests that the interconnection between horizontal deformations and generalized seismicity occurs only in subduction zones where there are both intense seismic activity and regular crust deformations. This is confirmed by the appearance of correlation zones which are located along one side of the active faults.
The purpose of study is to generalize the vertical displacements of the GNSS network of spatial monitoring of the Dnister HPP-1 dam for the differentiation of its kinematics as well as to evaluate the impact of short-term geodynamic processes in the region. Object of study. The object of the study is the monitoring of the Dniester HPP-1 dam according to the GNSS network data of the stationary system for monitoring the spatial displacement of structures (SSMSDS) of the Dniester HPP-1. The basis of the Dnister SSMSDS are two base GNSS stations additionally equipped with a robotic total station, which are installed on a strong foundation and located at a distance of several hundred meters from the dam. There are control points equipped with a GNSS receiver, antenna and an angle reflector with a 3600 viewing angle on the crest of the dam. The results of GNSS measurements are transmitted to the Leica GNSS Spider software, which processes and determines the coordinates of the base and control points. The GEOMOS software performs a joint estimation of GNSS results and linear-angular measurements. Methodology. To generalize the displacements of GNSS stations of Dnister HPP-1 the method of statistical analysis of time series is used. Authors examine the covariance interrelationships between all GNSS stations of the stationary system for monitoring the spatial displacement of structures (SSMSDS) of the Dnister HPP-1, which are placed on the dam based on the results of measurements from 1.07.2017 to 31.03.2021. For the selected periods of anomalous short-term displacements, the average values of covariance for each GNSS station are calculated. Results. During the period from 1.07.2017 to 31.03.2021 and according to the results of covariance interrelation for most GNSS stations, 3 epochs of anomalous altitude displacements are established (T = 2017.8 ± 0.1, T = 2019.0 ± 0.1, T = 2019.4 ± 0.1). Based on the covariance analysis, it was found that for periods of anomalous vertical displacements, the kinematics of the GNSS station MP01 differs significantly from the kinematics of GNSS stations MP02-MP05. The kinematics of GNSS-stations MP02-MP05 is constant, which indicates the anomalous movement of the unit on which the GNSS-station MP01 is installed in relation to the other blocks of the dam of the Dnister HPP-1. Scientific novelty and practical significance. Authors proposed the method for studying the geodynamics possesses of large industrial areas covered by a network of GNSS stations. Based on the GNSS measurements the periods of anomalous displacement are reveled and further search for spatial kinematic interrelationships between pair of GNSS stations is established. The developed methodology can be used to differentiate the kinematics of structural elements with installed GNSS stations such as engineering structures, industrial areas, geodynamic polygons.
The aim of the research is to analyze the current state of the protection of relief types within nature reserves and national nature parks of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The study analyzes coverage of usual and unique types of mountain and premountain relief of the Ukrainian Carpathians within nature protection institutions. The method contains a general geomorphological analysis of the relief of nature conservation institutions of the Ukrainian Carpathians. geomorphological structure and zoning of the research region based on the systematization and comparison of the up to date cartographic and descriptive materials. Comparing the map Geomorphological structure (morphostructure and morphosculpture) of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Hnatiuk et al., 2007) and borrowed cartographic materials from the Projects of organization of nature reserves and national nature parks within the region, special representativeness of relief types in the QGIS software is obtained. Authors set a degree of representativeness of relief types within the territories of nature conservation institutions as well as present it in special tables and maps. Additionally, the map ofthe location of nature reserves and national nature parks within the geomorphological zoning of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Rudko & Kravchuk, 2002) is made as well as the character of protection of various geomorphological areas of mountain and premountain parts of the region is clarified. For the first time, authors establish the degree of regional and typological geomorphological representativeness of natural reserves and national nature parks as well as clarify the current state of protection of relief types of the Ukrainian Carpathians in general. Based on the results of the analysis, authors develop proposals for the creation of new nature conservation institutions in the Ukrainian Carpathians for optimization of the relief as well as proposals for the protection of the region and its use in nature conservation, scientific, natural-cognitive, and recreational purposes.
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