Since 2010, an active course of epizootics with the release of the plague pathogen, isolated from hosts and vectors has been established in 8 autonomous foci of the plague from 14 autonomous foci of the Central Asian plague focus in Kazakhstan. It was necessary to take into account the parameters of variability of the main component of the parasitic system – the plague microbe in the process of certification of landscape and epizootological zoning of natural foci of plague in Kazakhstan. The aim of the work was to study the phenotypic and genetic properties of strains of the plague microbe isolated in natural sandy plague foci of Kazakhstan. Materials and methods. The work used 1196 strains of Yersinia pestis isolated over the past 10 years (2010–2019) from natural sandy plague foci, strain passports, literature sources, data on certification of plague foci in Kazakhstan. The study of the strains was carried out by bacteriological, serological and molecular genetic methods. Results. Certification and typification of the territories of sandy plague foci were carried out, taking into account the phenotypic and molecular-genetic properties of Y. pestis strains isolated from 12 autonomous foci of the Central Asian plague focus of Kazakhstan in 2010–2019. According to the results of the study, 84 atypical strains were identified. As a result of the analysis, 18 genotypes were identified among the studied strains, of which 13 (72.2%) were unique and did not repeat in the sample. The remaining 5 genotypes formed 5 clusters, combining 20 strains (60.6%) and all strains were phylogenetically assigned to representatives of the Mediaevalis biovar. Key words: plague microbe, plague foci, phenotypic features, molecular genetic features
In the Central Asia desert natural focus of plague, the major carrier of the Yersinia pestis agent is the great gerbil Rhombomys opimus, and its vectors include fleas of the Xenopsylla genus. Phenotypical and genotypical properties of the R. opimus populations, Xenopsylla fleas and Yersinia pestis strains have been studied in the Central Asia desert natural focus of plague. Phenotypic distinctions and population discreteness have been identified in R. opimus on the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondrial genome from three autonomous plague foci: Pre-Balkhash, Betpakdala and Pre-Ustyurt. Phenotypic distinctions have been found in Xenopsylla fleas in the Central Asia desert natural focus of plague, and the genotype of X. gerbilli minax fleas on the Cox2 gene of the mitochondrial DNA; these had been captured in the Betpakdala autonomous focus. The repertoire diversity in phenotypical properties of Y. pestis strains from different natural foci of plague has been demonstrated, and population discreteness of Y. pestis strains has been determined using the next-generation sequencing method for single nucleotide polymorphism genes. Results of the study suggest that geographical and environmental isolation and natural selection have led to heterogeneity in the three populations of the great gerbil, vector fleas and Y. pestis.
In 2017, from October 15 to November 21, 5 cholera cases imported from India – 3 patients and 2 carriers of V. cholerae – were recorded in Almaty. The patients recovered from the disease. Objective of the study was to characterize the imported cases of cholera and investigate the properties of cholera vibrio strains isolated from patients and carriers of V. cholerae. Materials and methods. Revised were the medical records; blood sera, feces from patients and contact persons were assayed. Studied were sensitivity spectrum to antibacterial preparations of isolated V. cholerae strains according to the “Methodological guidelines on laboratory diagnosis of cholera”, dated September 27, 2010; No 252. Epidemiological, microbiological, immunological and molecular-genetic methods were applied for investigation. Results and conclusions. Consequently to molecular genetic studies, genes of specificity, wbeN and toxicity (epidemic significance), ctxA, tcpA were detected in samples from 3 patients and 2 contact persons. The isolated strains were identified as Vibrio cholerae O1 Eltor Inaba in two cases, and in one case – as Vibrio cholerae O1 Eltor Hykoshima, Heiberg group I, toxigenic, hemolysis negative in Greig test, virulent, highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, doxycilin, erythromycin, tetracycline and moderately sensitive to levomycetin. It was established that the country of export in all the cases was India. Relevant anti-epidemic and preventive measures were undertaken to localize and eradicate the foci in order to prevent possible threat of epidemic spread of infections among the population.
Revealed by morphological characters, physiological status, and genetic diversity of populations of the main plague host Rhombomys opimus Licht., 1823 in Central Asia desert natural focus is described.Differences in the skull parameters of R. opimus from different populations were revealed. It’s shown that gerbils from Moyunkum are separate autonomous populations group. Samples from Moyunkum and Mangyshlak differed from other samples. In Balkhash-Alakol depression found two regional complexes: Pre-Balkhash and Dzungarian.Study results of free amino acids level in R. opimus blood serum obtained by gas-liquid chromatography of blood sera from animals captured in different zones of Central Asian focus gave statistically significant differences. To determine genetic variability in ecological and geographical isolation of R. opimus populations the DNA was genotyped.DNA samples analysis combined the studied gerbil from the desert focus into four clusters with eighteen haplotypes. R. opimus sequence analysis taking into account data from territories of Iran, Kazakhstan and China, clustered into three large clusters. First cluster combined the sequences of Kazakhstan and China samples, while great gerbil captured in Kazakhstan is located in a separate treasure. Second and third clusters include sequences of a great gerbil captured in Iran.
Эпидемиологический мониторинг холеры в Ре-спублике Казахстан (РК) осуществляется в соответ-ствии с Постановлением Главного государственного санитарного врача «О санитарно-противоэпидемиче-ских и санитарно-профилактических мероприятиях в РК по холере» № 21 от 27.11.2015 г. С мая по сентябрь проводятся исследования воды поверхностных водо-ёмов в санитарно-защитных зонах водозаборов для питьевого и хозяйственно-бытового водоснабжения, в местах сброса сточных вод, организованного ре-креационного водопользования, а также исследова-ния клинического материала от больных острыми кишечными инфекциями и других контингентов, подлежащих обследованию на холеру.
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