The objective was to investigate the effect of supplementing a wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (wheat DDGS)-based diet with carbohydrase enzyme blends on growth performance and nutrient digestibilities in growing and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 48 pigs with a BW of 36.5 +/- 1.03 kg (mean +/- SD) were randomly assigned to 24 pens (2 pigs per pen) on the basis of sex and BW, and pigs were randomly allocated to experimental diets (6 pens per diet). Dietary treatments were a positive control (PC) formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1998) nutrient requirements and a negative control (NC) with DE and Lys reduced by 4 and 5%, respectively, from the PC diet and fed without or with an enzyme blend at 2 levels. Level 1 enzyme supplied 2,600 U of xylanase, 1,200 U of beta-glucanase, and 1,300 U of cellulase per kg of diet; level 2 enzyme provided twice the activities for each enzyme in level 1 per kilogram of diet. Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. Pigs fed the NC diet had less (P < 0.05) ADG than those fed the PC diet. Supplementing the NC diet with enzyme blends linearly increased ADG (P < 0.01). The ADFI was not affected by dietary treatment. The PC diet had greater (P = 0.04) G:F compared with the NC diet, but not the enzyme-supplemented diets. Pigs fed the PC diet had greater (P < 0.01) digestibilities of N, GE, and ether extract compared with those fed the NC diet. Addition of level 2 enzyme to the NC diet improved (P < 0.05) digestibilities of DM, N, GE, and ether extract to levels similar (P > 0.05) to those fed the PC diet. In Exp. 2, 4 ileal cannulated barrows (80.8 kg of BW; SD = 0.65) were allotted to 4 diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets contained 15 or 30% wheat DDGS and were fed without or with enzyme addition. The enzyme supplement supplied 2,200 U of xylanase, 1,100 U of beta-glucanase, and 1,200 U of cellulase per kg of diet. Apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of DM, OM, and energy in enzyme-supplemented diets were greater (P < 0.05) than in unsupplemented diets. There was an interaction effect (P < 0.05) of wheat DDGS inclusion level and enzyme supplementation on AID of DM and Ser. Enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) AID of DM in the diet with 30% wheat DDGS but not 15% wheat DDGS. The results shows that multienzyme supplementation of 30% wheat DDGS-based diet improved growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility of DM, N, GE, and crude fiber in growing pigs and AID of nutrients in finishing pigs.

The effect of high levels of microbial phytase supplementation in diets for growing pigs was studied in a 2-week performance and nutrient digestibility trial involving 28 growing pigs weighing 16.4 +/- 1.06 (mean +/- SD) kg. Seven corn-barley-soybean meal-based diets consisting of a positive control (PC) formulated to meet or exceed NRC nutrient requirements; a negative control (NC) with non-phytate P reduced by 0.1% unit from NRC requirement and fed without or with 500 or 1000 U/kg; a doubled negative control (DNC) with no added inorganic P and fed without or with 2000 or 4000 U/kg. Chromic oxide was added as an indigestible marker and all diets were fed as mash. Pigs fed the PC diet had a higher P digestibility compared with those fed the NC (P < 0.02) and the DNC (P < 0.001) diets. Supplementing the NC diet with pyhtase tended to improve P digestibility (P < 0.10). However, addition of phytase to the DNC diet resulted in linear (P < 0.001) and quadratic (P < 0.03) increases in P digestibility with an overall improvement of 8% and 121% at 4000 phytase U/kg of diet, respectively, compared with the PC and DNC diets. Apparent total tract digestibility of N, OM and DM were higher (P < 0.05) in the PC diet compared with the DNC diet, but not the NC diet (P < 0.10). No effect of phytase addition to NC was observed on Ca, N, DM and OM digestibility. Phytase addition to the DNC diet resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in N, DM and OM digestibility but not Ca. Increasing the levels of phytase supplementation in the NC and the DNC diets linearly decreased fecal P (P < 0.05) content by 45 and 42%, respectively. Adding phytase at 1000 or 4000 U/kg increased P retention (P < 0.05) by 14.3 or 15.6% units, respectively, compared with the PC diet. Urinary P excretion was higher in the group fed the PC diet compared with those fed the NC and DNC diets (P < 0.05). The results of this study show that complete removal of inorganic P from growing pig diets coupled with phytase supplementation improves digestibility and retention of P and N, thus reducing manure P excretion without any negative effect on pig performance.

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The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of raw and differently processed [aqueous heating, dehulled, and dry heating (toasted)] kidney bean meals on the performance, weights, and histology of internal organs of broiler chicken. The feeding trial lasted for 56 d. Two hundred twenty-five 1-d-old broiler chicks (Anak strain) were used for the study. There were 5 treatment groups of 3 replicates with 15 birds per replicate. Raw and processed kidney bean meals were used to replace 50% protein supplied by soybean in the control diet. Data collected were used to evaluate feed intake, weight gain, and efficiency of feed utilization. The weights of liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and lungs were also recorded and tissue samples of each collected for histological examination. Average daily food intake, average daily gain, and efficiency of feed utilization were influenced by the dietary treatments. Average daily food intake and average daily gain in birds fed the control diet and heat-treated kidney bean meals were similar and significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fed raw or dehulled meals. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) higher in birds fed raw or dehulled meals compared with those fed the control diet. The relative weight of the pancreas was significantly (P<0.05) increased as a result of acinar hypertrophy. The kidney had severe congestion of glomeruli and distention of the capillary vessels with numerous thrombi in birds fed raw and dehulled kidney bean meals. The weight of the liver was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in birds fed raw and dehulled meals, and the liver was characterized by marked coagulative necrosis and degeneration of the hepatocytes. The structural alterations were attributed to intake of trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinins in the processed seeds. In conclusion, aqueous heated kidney bean meal can be used to replace 50% protein supplied by soybean meal in broiler starter and finisher diets without any adverse effect on the performance and the internal organs.

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