Three new species of the genus Micractinium were collected from five localities on the South Shetland Islands in maritime Antarctica, and their morphological and molecular characteristics were investigated. The vegetative cells are spherical to ellipsoidal and a single chloroplast is parietal with a pyrenoid. Because of their simple morphology, no conspicuous morphological characters of new species were recognized under light microscopy. However, molecular phylogenetic relationships were inferred from the concatenated small subunit rDNA, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data indicated that the Antarctic microalgal strains are strongly allied to the well-supported genus Micractinium, including M. pusillum, the type species of the genus, and three other species in the genus. The secondary structure of ITS2 and compensatory base changes were used to identify and describe six Antarctic Micractinium strains. Based on their morphological and molecular characteristics, we characterized three new species of Micractinium: M. simplicissimum sp. nov., M. singularis sp. nov., and M. variabile sp. nov.
Inflammation triggered by the innate immune system is a strategy to protect organisms from the risk of environmental infection. However, it has recently become clear that inflammation can cause a variety of human diseases, including cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of an ethanol extract of the Antarctic freshwater microalgae, Chloromonas reticulata (ETCH), on inflammation and carcinogenesis in RAW 264.7 macrophages and HCT116 human colon cancer cells, respectively. ETCH exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity through the dose-dependent modulation of major inflammatory markers such as COX-2, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α, and NO production. For example, ETCH reduced LPS-induced upregulation of COX-2, IL-6, iNOS, and TNF- alpha mRNA levels, leading to a significant decrease in the levels of LPS-stimulated NO and IL-6 as well as TNF-alpha products. In contract, ETCH exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against HCT116 cells, yielding a profound reduction in the proliferation of the cancer cells. Furthermore, ETCH induced G2 phase cell cycle arrest by transcriptionally regulating of genes involved in G2 / M transition including p21 (CDKN1A), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), and CDK1; CDKN1A mRNA levels were upregulated in response to ETCH, whereas CCNB1 and CDK1 were downregulated. This study reports for the first time anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of, C. reticulata and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the linkage between inflammation and cancer.
A freshwater cyanobacterium, Phormidium autumnale KNUA026, was isolated from puddles of icy water in Gyeongsan City, South Korea and its potential as a biofuel feedstock was investigated. Maximal growth was obtained when the culture was incubated at 25°C and around pH 9.0. The total lipid content of the isolate was approximately 14.0% of dry weight and it was found that strain KNUA026 was able to autotrophically synthesize heptadecane (C 17 H 36 ) which can be directly used as fuel without requiring a transesterification step. As this benthic cyanobacterium was capable of forming thick mats, it could be easily harvested by gravitational settling and this property may reduce the cost of production in commercial applications. Hence, P. autumnale KNUA026 appears to be a promising resource for use in the production of microalgae-based biofuels.Key Words: algae-based fuel; alkane; cyanobacterium; heptadecane; Phormidium autumnale INTRODUCTIONIn recognition of the current energy crisis, alternative energy sources are currently being explored and developed at an increasing pace; biofuels in particular have received a considerable amount of attention over the past few years. Conventional biofuels, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, are produced primarily from cereal crops and oil seeds. However, the mass production of crop-based biofuels has resulted in serious side effects, such as increases in food prices, deforestation, and carbon emissions (Sims et al. 2010). Thus, algae-based biofuels have been recognized as an attractive option, as they use minimal land resources (Chisti 2007) and do not compete with food production (Huang et al. 2010). Additionally, algaebased biofuels have several other advantages, including rapid growth rates (Schenk et al. 2008), higher lipid contents (Hu et al. 2008), and higher CO 2 uptake rates (Jorquera et al. 2010) relative to other energy crops. Considering these advantages, microalgae biofuels have been recognized as the only current renewable source of liquid transportation fuel which is compatible with the existing engines and distribution systems (Schenk et al. 2008). Microalgae, including cyanobacteria, have been reported to generate a variety of lipids, hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, and other complex oils ( ), until growth was apparent. An aliquot of the brown-colored biomass was taken by pipetting, and was sonicated for approximately 3-5 s using an ultrasonic cell disruptor (Model 550; Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The filaments were then transferred onto BG-11 agar plates containing 100 µg mL -1 of meropenem (Yuhan Pharmaceuticals, Ochang, Korea) and were incubated in the dark for 24 h to eliminate contaminating bacteria (Choi et al. 2008). The culture was then inoculated onto fresh BG-11 agar plates and incubated for 14 days under a light : dark cycle (16 : 8 h) at 15°C. Morphological and molecular identificationThe isolate was grown in BG-11(+) medium for 21 days. Live cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3,000 ×g for 5 min, washed with sterile distilled water, ...
Three strains of the green microalga Botryococcus braunii (JJS, KCM, and KJD) were isolated from different water bodies in Korea and grown as batch cultures in the laboratory. The effects of different growth media and temperatures on the growth rate were investigated, as well as the effect of temperature on the total lipid content and lipid profile. All three strains had the highest growth rates in BG-11 medium and at 25°C. Maximal lipid production (g L -1) was at 30°C in the JJS strain and at 25°C in the KCM and KJD strains. However, all the three strains produced the greatest percent dry weight of total lipids at 15°C and had the lowest percent dry weight of total lipids at 25°C. In general, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and behenic acid were the most common fatty acids in all three strains. However, the three strains varied considerably in their fatty acid profiles at different culture temperatures.
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