Workshops with a large area and a high ceiling height without compartments, such as large-scale assembly factories, have an uneven thermal comfort during heating, making it difficult to establish an effective heating strategy. In this study, we evaluate the heating performance of a large-scale factory based on thermal comfort and energy flow and discuss effective heating methods. In addition, an analysis of the heating performance of a large-scale factory is attempted for the first time. To analyze the heating performance, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and building energy simulation (BES) were used to confirm thermal comfort distribution and energy flow in a large-scale factory. Temperature distribution and thermal comfort were evaluated through CFD, and the temperature of a large-scale assembly factory was compared with experimental data. Based on the CFD results, the current heating level of large factories was predicted to be 15.4 °C, and the ADPIrev was 70%. Moreover, the BES results show that the energy losses due to forced ventilation and the inflow of outside air contributed 35.5% and 27.8%, respectively. The heating strategy proposed in this study could improve thermal comfort by 79% compared to the same energy consumption. Therefore, to improve the heating performance compared to the heating energy consumption of large-scale factory, the imbalance in thermal comfort caused by the inflow of outside air must be resolved.
As the cooling capacity of the active cooling devices has reached their allowable heat flux limit, heat spreading technologies are becoming more remarkable in the thermal management of high-power electronics. Flat plate two-phase heat spreaders (FTHSs) are advantageous for the thermal management of electronic devices due to their simplicity, powerfree operation, and high reliability. This review is based on understanding the working mechanism and limitations of FTHSs. As the power density of electronic devices increases, researchers focus on performance improvement to overcome their malfunctioned working conditions. This review summarizes the major parameters of FTHS that affect heat transfer performance. Moreover, recent advances in FTHSs suggest that new design concepts can extend the maximum operating heat flux of thermal management devices. This review can establish a direction for studying higher-performance heat spreaders and identifying the latest trends.
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